Kajian Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Manusia dengan Menggunakan Pedal Generator

Pembangkit listrik tebnaga manusia adalah pembangkit energi terbaharui yang sangat berpotensi mengingat negara kita mempunyai jumtah penduduk yang banyak. Potensi energinya berupa energi yang terbuang saat manusia melakukan aktivitas olah raga. James McCullagh menerbitkan sebuah buku pada tahun 1977 berjudul Pedal Power: in Work, Leisure and Transportation yang menjelaskan percobaan tentang pembangkitan energi listrik dengan menggunakan sistem putaran kayuh. Pembangkit energi listrik dari tenaga manusia dengan menggunakan sistem putaran kayuh disebut dengan pedal generator

Karakteristik Medan Listrik Atmosfer Kota Padang dan Hubungannya dengan Sambaran Petir Awan ke Tanah

The possibility of using Electric Field Mill data as parameter of lightning warning sistem requires atmospheric electric field data comparisons with lightning detection sistems. Transient electric field from lightning detektor compare with continues atmospheric electric field during thunderstorm.Based on atmospheric electric field measurement in Padang during the period of January - August 2015 there were 219 times thunderstorm events. In the event of thunderstorm,there is one or two thunderstorm event per day with average thunderstorm duration 173.48 minute per thunderstorm. There is no relations between the number of cloud to ground lightning strikes with the duration of the thunderstorm. Thunderstorm with 634 minute duration produces 2 cloud to ground lightning strikes while thunderstorm with shorter duration for 114 minute produces 13 cloud to ground lightning strikes.Keywords : Thunderstorm, Atmospheric Electric Field,Electric Field MillAbstrak—Penggunaan data Electric Field Mill (EFM) dalam sistem peringatan bahaya petir membutuhkan kajian perbandingan data medan listrik atmosfer dengan sistem deteksi petir. Data dari detektor petir dibandingkan dengan data perubahan medan litrik statis selama proses badai petir. Berdasarkan pengukuran medan listrik atmosfer di kota Padang selama periode Januari – Agustus 2015 diperoleh data yaitu terdapat sebanyak 219 kali badai petir. Dalam satu hari terjadi satu sampai dua kali badai petir dengan durasi rata rata per badai petir adalah 173,48 menit. Setiap badai petir tidak selalu menghasilkan sambaran petir awan ke tanah. Tidak ada hubungan langsung antara jumlah sambaran petir awan ke tanah dengan lamanya durasi badai petir. Badai petir dengan durasi terlama pada tanggal 12 April 2015 dengan durasi 638 menit menghasilkan 2 kali sambaran petir awan ke tanah. Sedangkan badai petir pada 30 Januari 2015 dengan durasi 114 menit bisa menghasilkan 13 kali sambaran petir awan ke tanah.Kata Kunci : Badai Petir, Medan Listrik Atmosfer, Electric Field Mil

Pengukuran Radiasi Elektromagnetik Frekuensi Sangat Tinggi (VHF) Petir Compact Intracloud Discharges

Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs) are another type of intracloud lightning. CIDs emit strong high-frequency emissions compared to the first return stroke from cloud to ground lightning or other types of discharge in clouds. High-frequency radiation from lightning CIDs may affect electronic systems, which may pose a danger to communications equipment, radio, satellite and avionics systems. This paper presents a design of a fast electric field detector to detect a broadband of radiation from CIDs and Very High Frequency (VHF) electric field detector to detect high-frequency radiation of CIDs. Fast electric field detector circuit consists of buffer circuit and integrator amplifier while VHF electric field detector is a buffer circuit and active band pass filter at 51.76 MHz. From the measurement of the electric field of lightning during March 2016 to March 2017, 104 CID negative lightning data and 33 positive CID lightning data was recorded. VHF radiation of CID is detected simultaneously with the occurrence of CID lightning events. The VHF radiation of negative CID and positive CID have similar time characteristics. Keywords : Lightning, Compact Intracloud Discharges, Electric Field Detector, Band Pass FilterAbstrakDisamping jenis petir intracloud biasa, ada jenis lain dari petir intracloud yang dikenal sebagai Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs). CIDs memancarkan radiasi frekuensi tinggi yang kuat dibandingkan dengan sambaran balik pertama dari petir awan ke tanah ataupun jenis pelepasan muatan di awan lainnya. Radiasi frekuensi tinggi dari petir CIDs ini dapat mempengaruhi sistem elektronik sehingga dapat menimbulkan bahaya jika mengenai peralatan komunikasi, radio, satelit dan sistem avionik. Dalam makalah ini disajikan perancangan detektor petir medan listrik cepat untuk mendeteksi medan radiasi pita lebar dari petir CIDs dan detektor medan listrik Very High Frequency (VHF) untuk mendeteksi radiasi frekuemsi tinggi dari petir tersebut. Rangkaian detektor medan listrik cepat terdiri dari rangkaian buffer dan integrator amplifier sedangkan detektor medan listrik VHF berupa rangkaian buffer dan active band pass filter dengan konfigurasi multiple feed back (MFB) yang mempunyai frekuensi tengah 51,76 MHz. Dari pengukuran medan listrik petir selama bulan Maret 2016 sampai Maret 2017 diperoleh sebanyak 104 data petir CID negatif dan 33 data petir CID positif beserta gelombang radiasi VHF nya. Gelombang medan listrik radiasi VHF dari petir CID terdeteksi bersamaan dengan terjadinya kejadian petir CID. Radiasi VHF petir CID negatif dan petir CID positif mempunyai karakteristik waktu yang relatif sama. Kata Kunci : Petir, Compact Intracloud Discharges, Detektor Medan Listrik, Band Pass Filte

Pengukuran Radiasi Elektromagnetik Frekuensi Sangat Tinggi (VHF) Petir Compact Intracloud Discharges

Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs) are another type of intracloud lightning. CIDs emit strong high-frequency emissions compared to the first return stroke from cloud to ground lightning or other types of discharge in clouds. High-frequency radiation from lightning CIDs may affect electronic systems, which may pose a danger to communications equipment, radio, satellite and avionics systems. This paper presents a design of a fast electric field detector to detect a broadband of radiation from CIDs and Very High Frequency (VHF) electric field detector to detect high-frequency radiation of CIDs. Fast electric field detector circuit consists of buffer circuit and integrator amplifier while VHF electric field detector is a buffer circuit and active band pass filter at 51.76 MHz. From the measurement of the electric field of lightning during March 2016 to March 2017, 104 CID negative lightning data and 33 positive CID lightning data was recorded. VHF radiation of CID is detected simultaneously with the occurrence of CID lightning events. The VHF radiation of negative CID and positive CID have similar time characteristics

Sistem Deteksi Petir Multistation Dengan Metode Time Of Arrival

This study was done at ligtning detection system in Padang. The systems was consist of 3 electric field sensors with synchronous satelite GPS. Time of arrival and sensors coordinate was taken from each sensors. This data was used to calculate ligtning location by Time of Arrival Linear Spherical method. Then the distances between lighting and sensor can be calculated. The distances will compared with electric field waveforms recorded at lightning sensor to testing validity our results. After validity, lightning current peak can be calculated. 8 of 20 data sample are valid with lowest lightning current peak is -1,001 kA dan highest value is -2,661 kA. Keywords : Lightning, Lightning Detection System, Time of Arrival Ligtning Current Peak. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan pada sistem deteksi petir yang dibangun di kota Padang. Sistem terdiri dari 3 sensor medan listrik dan GPS yang tersinkronisasi. Perbedaan waktu datang dan koordinat sensor didapatkan dari masing-masing sensor. Data ini digunakan untuk mendapatkan lokasi kejadian petir dengan metode Time of Arrival Linear Spherical. Setelah lokasi petir didapatkan maka jarak antara stasiun dengan lokasi kejadian petir dapat diketahui. Jarak sensor dengan petir dibandingkan dengan parameter gelombang medan listrik yang terekam sehingga dapat diketahui validnya hasil perhitungan. Setelah hasil perhitungan valid maka arus puncak dapat ditentukan. Dari 20 data  tersebut terdapat 8 data yang bentuk gelombang medan listriknya sesuai dengan jarak antara sensor dengan lokasi petir dengan arus puncak petir yang terendah  berada  pada  nilai -1,001 kA dan tertinggi berada pada nilai -22,661 kA.  Kata Kunci: Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hybrid, Diesel Generator, Photovoltaic Array, HOMER, Optimalisasi, TNPC 

Sistem Informasi Petir (SIP) Dengan Metode Lightning Distribution (LD) di Wilayah Sumatera Barat

This paper mapped 200 locations of lightning strikes in West Sumatra province. Mapping the location of lightning strikes as part of Lightning Information System  was designed with the method of Lightning Distribution (LD). To get the location of lightning strikes obtained from the calculation reflection of ionosphere method to determine the distance of a lightning strike from stations of lightning and methods of Magnetic Direction Finding (MDF) to get directions from the lightning strike. Direction data obtained processed to generate a lightning incident location, then that location will be displayed on Google Maps. After that in the process of Lightning Distribution method which is a form of lightning strike density mapping by using the "File Format" grid, where each grid was measured to be 1 x 1 km2 called the Local Density Flash (LFD). If there are multiple point strikes on the grid will change the color that is on the map fit how many number of strikes on the grid which is a Probabilistic computation Flash Density (PFD). The depiction of the scale of danger  lightning in the form of variations color changes at the point where the bolt of green color represents the minimum number density of lightning strikes that contains a single point and the red color represents the maximum number density of strikes which contains more than ten points strike. Based on the color distribution of lightning strikes and Payakumbuh Agam area has the highest rate of lightning strikes in the study period.Key words: reflection ionosphere, magnetic direction finding (MDF), lightning distribution, lightning information system, and google maps API. AbstrakPaper ini memetakan 200 lokasi sambaran petir di daerah Sumatera Barat. Pemetaan lokasi sambaran petir sebagai bagian dari Sistem Informasi Petir (SIP) dirancang dengan metode Lightning Distribution (LD). Lokasi sambaran petir diperoleh menggunakan metode refleksi ionosfer untuk mengetahui jarak sambaran petir dari stasiun pendeteksi petir dan metode Magnetic Direction Finding (MDF) untuk mendapatkan arah dari sambaran petir. Data arah kemudian diproses untuk menghasilkansuatulokasikejadianpetir, kemudian lokasitersebutakan ditampilkan pada Google Maps. Setelah itu di proses dengan metode Lightning Distribution yang merupakan bentuk pemetaan kerapatan sambaran petir dengan menggunakan “Format File grid”, dimana setiap grid diukur sebesar 1 x 1 km2 yang disebut dengan Local Flash Density (LFD). Jika terdapat beberapa titik sambaran pada satu grid akan merubah warna yang ada pada peta sesuai seberapa banyak jumlah sambaran pada satu grid yang merupakan perhitungan Probabilistic Flash Density (PFD). Penggambaran besarnya skala bahaya petir berupa variasi perubahan warna pada titik sambaran dimana warna hijau mewakili jumlah minimum kerapatan sambaran yang berisikan satu titik sambaran dan warna merah mewakili jumlah maximum kerapatan sambaran yang berisikan lebih dari sepuluh titik sambaran. Berdasarkan warna distribusi sambaran petir daerah Kabupaten Agam dan Payakumbuh memiliki tingkat sambaran petir tertinggi pada periode penelitian ini.Kata kunci :          refleksi ionosfer, magnetic direction finding (MDF), lightning distribution, sistem informasi petir, dangoogle maps AP

Preliminary Study on biogas production from POME by DBD plasma

A new technology to produce biogas using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated. The batch experiments were examined at applied voltages of 15, 20 and 25 kV. The results showed that the highest yields of hydrogen and methane were achieved at an applied voltage of 25 kV after 1 hour were 2.42 and 1.32 mL/mL of POME, respectively. The biogas was composed of 65% hydrogen and 35% methane. In order to make the results of this study applicable to biogas plants, the effects of flowrate and consumed energy are important parameters that should be further investigated in a future study

KARAKTERISTIK MEDAN LISTRIK ATMOSFER KOTA PADANG DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN SAMBARAN PETIR AWAN KE TANAH

Penggunaan data Electric Field Mill (EFM) dalam sistem peringatan bahaya petir membutuhkan kajian perbandingan data medan listrik atmosfer dengan sistem deteksi petir. Data dari detektor petir dibandingkan dengan data perubahan medan litrik statis selama proses badai petir. Berdasarkan pengukuran medan listrik atmosfer di kota Padang selama periode Januari – Agustus 2015 diperoleh data yaitu terdapat sebanyak 219 kali badai petir. Dalam satu hari terjadi satu sampai dua kali badai petir dengan durasi rata rata per badai petir adalah 173,48 menit. Setiap badai petir tidak selalu menghasilkan sambaran petir awan ke tanah. Tidak ada hubungan langsung antara jumlah sambaran petir awan ke tanah dengan lamanya durasi badai petir. Badai petir dengan durasi terlama pada tanggal 12 April 2015 dengan durasi 638 menit menghasilkan 2 kali sambaran petir awan ke tanah. Sedangkan badai petir pada 30 Januari 2015 dengan durasi 114 menit bisa menghasilkan 13 kali sambaran petir awan ke tanah

Sistem Deteksi Petir Multistation Dengan Metode Time of Arrival

This study was done at ligtning detection system in Padang. The systems was consist of 3 electric field sensors with synchronous satelite GPS. Time of arrival and sensors coordinate was taken from each sensors. This data was used to calculate ligtning location by Time of Arrival Linear Spherical method. Then the distances between lighting and sensor can be calculated. The distances will compared with electric field waveforms recorded at lightning sensor to testing validity our results. After validity, lightning current peak can be calculated. 8 of 20 data sample are valid with lowest lightning current peak is -1,001 kA dan highest value is -2,661 kA

Sistem Informasi Petir (SIP) dengan Metode Lightning Distribution (LD) di Wilayah Sumatera Barat

This paper mapped 200 locations of lightning strikes in West Sumatra province. Mapping the location of lightning strikes as part of Lightning Information System was designed with the method of Lightning Distribution (LD). To get the location of lightning strikes obtained from the calculation reflection of ionosphere method to determine the distance of a lightning strike from stations of lightning and methods of Magnetic Direction Finding (MDF) to get directions from the lightning strike. Direction data obtained processed to generate a lightning incident location, then that location will be displayed on Google Maps. After that in the process of Lightning Distribution method which is a form of lightning strike density mapping by using the "File Format" grid, where each grid was measured to be 1 x 1 km2 called the Local Density Flash (LFD). If there are multiple point strikes on the grid will change the color that is on the map fit how many number of strikes on the grid which is a Probabilistic computation Flash Density (PFD). The depiction of the scale of danger lightning in the form of variations color changes at the point where the bolt of green color represents the minimum number density of lightning strikes that contains a single point and the red color represents the maximum number density of strikes which contains more than ten points strike. Based on the color distribution of lightning strikes and Payakumbuh Agam area has the highest rate of lightning strikes in the study period