On multiplication lattice modules

In this paper we study multiplication lattice modules. Next we characterize hollow lattices modules. We also establish maximal elements in multiplication lattices modules. In [16], we introduced the concept of a multiplication lattice L-module and we characterized it by principal elements. In this paper, we continue study on multiplication lattice L-module

Breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers and relationship with depression risk Annelerin emzirme öz-yeterliliği ve depresyon riski ile ilişkisi

A mother primarily should have her own physical and mental health in order to take care a baby in a healthy manner and to breastfeed for long-term. It has been stated that the stress experienced during pregnancy and failing to start providing proper breastfeeding in the postpartum period can affect both providing effective breastfeeding and development of postpartum depression. This study was designed to determine the breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers and relationship with depression risk. This is a descriptive study was carried out on 265 postpartum women. In collecting the data in the research, a questionnaire prepared using the literature and similar researches made, Postpartum Depression Scale and Breastfeeding-Self Efficacy Scale were used. Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis and spearman correlation analysis were used to assess the data. It was determined that the mothers participating in the study received average 58.92 ± 7.61 points from Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, and  9.58 ± 5.10 points from EPDS.  It was established that the breastfeeding self-efficacy level of the mothers in the postpartum 4-6 week was above average, and one third of the mothers (31.7%) was found to be at risk in terms of depression. It was determined in the study that the variables such as the age of mothers, duration of marriage, pregnancy, childbirth and the number of living children, problems experienced at birth, being satisfied with the baby gender, initial breastfeeding time, regular breastfeeding status and feeling self-sufficient for breastfeeding affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy (p <0.05) and there was no association between the breastfeeding self-sufficiency level and the symptoms of depression (p> 0.05). In line with these results, identifying physical, psychological and social health risks in the early stages from the gestation period, initiating and maintaining breastfeeding can help control the postnatal symptoms of depression. Therefore, empowering the consulting services of health professionals during pregnancy and the postpartum period can be suggested. ÖzetAnnenin bebeğine sağlıklı bir şekilde bakabilmesi ve uzun dönem emzirebilmesi için öncelikle kendi beden ve ruh sağlığının yerinde olması gerekir. Gebelik döneminde yaşanan stres ve doğum sonu dönemde de emzirmenin uygun şekilde başlatılamamasının hem etkili emzirmenin sağlanması hem de doğum sonu depresyon gelişimini etkileyebileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışma annelerin emzirme öz-yeterliliği ve depresyon riski ile ilişkisini incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı olarak planlanan çalışmaya doğum sonu 265 kadın dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmada verilerin toplanmasında; literatür bilgilerden ve yapılan benzer nitelikteki araştırmalardan yararlanılarak hazırlanan bir anket formu, Doğum Sonu Depresyon Ölçeği ve Emzirme-Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Mann Withney U Testi, Kruskal Wallis ve spearmankorelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan annelerin Emzirme Öz-yeterlilik ölçeğinden ortalama 58,92±7,61, EDDÖ’den ise 9,58±5,10 puan aldığı saptanmıştır. Doğum sonu 4-6 haftalık dönemde annelerin emzirme öz-yeterlilik düzeyinin ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu ve annelerin üçte birinin (%31.7) depresyon açısından risk altında olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışmada annelerin yaş, evlilik süresi, gebelik, doğum ve yaşayan çocuk sayısı, doğumda sorun yaşama durumu, bebek cinsiyetinden memnun olma, ilk emzirme zamanı, düzenli emzirme durumu ve emzirme konusunda kendini yeterli hissetme durumu gibi değişkenlerin emzirme öz yeterliliğini etkilediği (p<0,05)  ve emzirme öz yeterlilik düzeyi ile depresyon semptomları arasında bir ilişki olmadığı belirlenmiştir(p>0,05). Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, gebelik döneminden itibaren fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal sağlık risklerinin erken dönemde belirlenmesi, emzirmenin başlatılması ve sürdürülmesi ile doğum sonu depresyon semptomlarının kontrolüne yardımcı olabilir. Bu nedenle sağlık profesyonellerinin gebelik ve doğum sonu dönemde danışmanlık hizmetlerinin güçlendirilmesi önerilebilir

Clinimetric properties of the Turkish translation of a modified neck disability index

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neck pain is a common problem that can greatly affect a person's activities of daily living. Functional status questionnaires are important in assessing this effect, and are used to follow up neck pain management programs. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the first-created scale for neck pain-related disability and is widely translated and in common used in many countries. Our aim is investigate to clinometric properties of a Turkish version of modified NDI and to give a choice in daily practise of versions to be used.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The modified NDI was applied to 30 patients for reliability. 185 patients participated in the validity study. All patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of our department. The scale was translated by the forward and backward translation procedure according to the COSMIN criteria. The test was repeated at 48 hours interval for reliability study. SPSS-10.0, software was used for statistical analyses. The Intraclass correlation coefficient was used for the test- retest reliability of the modified NDI. Cronbach α was used for internal consistency. Factor analysis was used for construct validity. The validity of the modified NDI with respect to the SF-36, HAD, VAS pain, VAS disability was assessed using Spearman correlations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The Intraclass correlation coefficient between first and second (within 48 hours) evaluation of test (rs) was 0.92. Questions 1,4,6,8,10 were shown to have excellent reliability. (rs > 0.9). Question 10 was the most frequently challenged question because "recreational and social activities" do not have not the same meanings in Turkey than in western countries. This required that detailed explanations be provided by the investigators. Cronbach's alpha for the total index was 0.88. A single factor accounting for 80.2% of the variance was obtained. Validity studies demonstrated good and moderate correlations (rs) among NDI, HAD, VAS, physical function subtitle of SF 36 (0.62, 0.76, 0.68).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The modified NDI-Turkish version is a reliable and valid test and is suitable for daily practise.</p

Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

Outcomes of high-risk breast lesions diagnosed using image-guided core needle biopsy: results from a multicenter retrospective study

PURPOSEThe clinical management of high-risk lesions using image-guided biopsy is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the rates at which such lesions were upgraded to malignancy and identify possible predictive factors for upgrading high-risk lesions.METHODSThis retrospective multicenter analysis included 1.343 patients diagnosed with high-risk lesions using an image-guided core needle or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). Only patients managed using an excisional biopsy or with at least one year of documented radiological follow-up were included. For each, the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category, number of samples, needle thickness, and lesion size were correlated with malignancy upgrade rates in different histologic subtypes. Pearson’s chi-squared test, the Fisher–Freeman–Halton test, and Fisher’s exact test were used for the statistical analyses.RESULTSThe overall upgrade rate was 20.6%, with the highest rates in the subtypes of intraductal papilloma (IP) with atypia (44.7%; 55/123), followed by atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (38.4%; 144/375), lobular neoplasia (LN) (12.7%; 7/55), papilloma without atypia (9.4%; 58/611), flat epithelial atypia (FEA) (8.7%; 10/114), and radial scars (RSs) (4.6%; 3/65). There was a significant relationship between the upgrade rate and BI-RADS category, number of samples, and lesion size Lesion size was the most predictive factor for an upgrade in all subtypes.CONCLUSIONADH and atypical IP showed considerable upgrade rates to malignancy, requiring surgical excision. The LN, IP without atypia, pure FEA, and RS subtypes showed lower malignancy rates when the BI-RADS category was lower and in smaller lesions that had been adequately sampled using VAB. After being discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting, these cases could be managed with follow-up instead of excision

Tuzlanmış derilerde bulunan mikroorganizma türlerinin saptanması

ÖZETTUZLANMIŞ DERİLERDE BULUNAN MİKROORGANİZMA TÜRLERİNİN SAPTANMASITabaklama işlemi öncesi meydana gelen konservasyon hataları mamul deri kalitesini olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir ve önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı tuzlanmış derilerdeki proteolitik ve lipolitik bakteri türlerini izole ederek tanımlamak ve tuzla koruma işleminin etkinliğini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmamızda İstanbul Tuzla Deri Organize Sanayi Bölgesindeki farklı tabakhanelerden toplanan 10 adet tuzlanmış deri örneklerinin tuz kristali bulunan ve bulunmayan bölgelerinde pH, % nem içeriği, % kül ve % tuz doygunluğu miktarları, toplam mezofil, toplam proteolitik ve lipolitik mezofil bakteri sayıları belirlenmiştir. Tuzlanmış ham derilerin tamamında pH değerleri tuz kristali bulunan (pH 6,4-7,4) ve tuz kristali bulunmayan bölgelerde (pH 6,3-7,3) bakteri gelişimi için optimum olarak bulunmuştur. Tuzlanmış derilerin tuz kristali bulunmayan bölgelerindeki nem içeriği (% 42-57), tuz kristali bulunan bölgelerdeki nem içeriğine (% 31-47) göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. İncelenen derilerin tamamında her iki bölgede de kül miktarları ve tuz doygunlukları standart değerler ile aynı bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda, tuzlama işlemi yapılmış olmasına rağmen derilerin her iki bölgesinde de oldukça yüksek sayıda toplam mezofil, proteolitik ve lipolitik mezofil bakteri izole edilmiştir. Derilerin tuz kristali içermeyen bölgelerinde toplam mezofil (2x108 kob/g) ve toplam lipolitik mezofil bakteri sayısı (1,7x107 kob/g) derilerin tuz kristali içeren bölgelerine göre daha fazla bulunmasına rağmen toplam proteolitik bakteri sayısı (1-1,5x107 kob/g) her iki bölgede de aynı bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda derilerden toplam olarak 668 adet bakteri izole edilmiş ve tanımlanmıştır. İzole edilen cinslerin % 69’u proteolitik, % 62’si lipolitik ve % 51’ i hem proteolitik hem lipolitik aktivite göstermiştir. Tuzlanmış derilerden 36 farklı cins ve 102 bakteri türü izole edilmiştir. Deri örneklerinde en yaygın olarak bulunan bakteri cinslerinin ve sayılarının sırasıyla Staphylococcus (115 adet), Bacillus (111 adet), Enterococcus (75 adet), Enterobacter (66 adet) ve Pseudomonas (59 adet) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak kuru tuzlama yönteminin homojen ve yeterli yapılamamasından dolayı incelenen deri örneklerinin tuz kristali bulunan ve bulunmayan bölgelerinden izole edilen bakteri sayıları arasında farklılık görülmüştür. Tuzlanmış derilerin tuz kristali bulunan kısımlarından fazla sayıda Gram pozitif koklar ve basiller (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus ve Bacillus) ve Gram negatif Vibrio gibi tuza toleranslı bakteriler izole edilmiştir. Tuzlanmış derilerin tuz kristali bulunmayan kısımlarında en yaygın bulunan cinslerin Gram pozitif koklar ve basiller (Staphylococcus ve Bacillus) ve Hafnia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas ve Acinetobacter gibi Gram negatif basiller olduğu bulunmuştur. ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN SALTED HIDES Conservation defects occured before the tanning process affect leather quality adversely and cause important economic losses. Therefore, the goal of this study was to isolate and identify proteolytic and lipolytic mesophile bacterial species on the salted hides and evaluate the efficiency of the salt curing process on the hides. In this study, the areas with and without salt crystals of the salted hide samples collected from different tanneries in Leather Organized Tannery Region, Tuzla-İstanbul, were evaluated for pH values, moisture and ash contents, brine saturations, total mesophile, total proteolytic and lipolytic mesophile bacterial numbers. pH values of the areas with (pH 6,4-7,4) and without salt crystals (pH 6,3-7,3) of all the salted hide samples were found to be optimum for bacterial growth. Moisture content of the area without salt crystals of the salted hide samples (% 42-57) were found to be higher than the area with salt crystals (% 31-47). Ash contents and salt saturations of both areas of all the salted hide samples examined were found to be the same as standart values. Although the hides were salt cured, high numbers of mesophile, proteolytic and lipolytic mesophile bacteria were isolated from both areas of the hides. Although total mesophile (2x108 CFU/g) and lipolytic mesophile (1,7x107 CFU/g) bacterial numbers on the hides without salt crystals were found to be higher than the hides with salt crystals, total proteolytic bacterial numbers (1-1,5x107 CFU/g) were found to be the same for the both areas. A total of 668 bacterial strains were isolated and identified in our study. Proteolytic, lipolytic and both proteolytic and lipolytic activities were observed at 69 %, 62% and 51 % of isolated strains, respectively. A total of 36 different genera and 102 bacterial species were isolated from the salted hides. The most dominant genera on the salted hides and their numbers were found as Staphylococcus (115), Bacillus (111), Enterococcus (75), Enterobacter (66) and Pseudomonas (59). As a conclusion, since the salting process were not done homogeneously and adequately, different numbers of bacteria were obtained from the areas with and without salt crystals of the salted hide samples. The high number of salt tolerant bacteria as Gram positive cocci and bacilli (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus and Bacillus) and Gram negative Vibrio were isolated from areas with salt crystals of the salted hides. The most dominant genera on the area without salt crystals of the salted hides were found as Gram positive cocci and bacilli (Staphylococcus and Bacillus) and Gram negative bacilli as Hafnia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter

Relationship between quantitative HBsAg levels and clinical-virological-serological status of hepatitis B

Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) enfeksiyonunun klinik seyrinde HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe ve HBV-DNA en önemli belirteçlerdir. HBsAg, HBV enfeksiyonunun bağışıklık ve taşıyıcılık için ayırt edici özelliğe sahiptir. Bu gün için real-time PCR ile serum HBV-DNA miktarının ölçülmesi kronik hepatit B'de taşıyıcı ve tedavi verilen hastaların antiviral tedavisinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. HBsAg kantitatif ölçümü 20 yıl önce tanımlanmasına rağmen ancak son zamanlarda kantitatif güvenilir ELISA yöntemlerindeki gelişme nedeni ile rutinde yaygın kullanıma girmiştir. Son zamanlarda birçok çalışma hepatit B tedavisi sırasında seri alınan kan örneklerindeki HBsAg titrelerinin tedavi sonucunu tahmin etmek için kullanılabileceğini ileri sürmektedir.Bu çalışma serum HBsAg kantitatif düzeyi ile hepatit B'nin klinik, virolojik ve serolojik durumu arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek üzere planlanmıştır.Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi'ne 01.06.2011 ile 31.12.2011 tarihleri arasında başvurmuş ve HBV-DNA çalışılmak üzere PCR laboratuvarına gelen hastaların arşivlenmiş 240 hasta serumundan kantitatif HBsAg çalışıldı. İnaktif ? düşük replikatif ana grupta 101 hasta, bu grubun alt gruplarından HBV-DNA negatif grupta 21, HBV-DNA2000 İÜ/ml grubunda 31 hasta, HBeAg pozitif hasta grubunda 24, HBeAg negatif hepatit grubunda 33, HBeAg pozitif tedavi alan grupta 26 hasta ve bunun alt gruplarından entekavir alan grupta 14, tenofovir alan grupta 10, lamivudin alan grupta 2 hasta, HBeAg negatif tedavi alan hasta grubunda 56 hasta ve bunun alt gruplarından entekavir alan grupta 16, tenofovir alan grupta 18, lamivudin alan grupta 22 hasta mevcuttu.Serum HBsAg düzeyleri HBV enfeksiyonun faklı aşamaları ve tedavi alan gruplar arasında önemli farlılıklar gösterdi (p2000 IU/ml group; HBeAg positive group 24 patients, HBeAg negative group 33 patients, HBeAg positive receiving treatment 26 patients, and this group?s subgroups are 14 patients receiving entecavir, 10 patients receiving tenofovir and 2 patients receiving lamivudin; HBeAg negative receiving treatment 56 patients, this group?s subgroups are 16 patients entecavir, 18 patients tenofovire and 22 patients receiving lamivudine,Serum HBsAg levels showed significant differences between different stages of HBV infection, and the groups received treatment (p<0.001). Inactive group was compared with HBeAg positive group, HBeAg negative group, HBeAg positive treatment group and HBeAg negative treatment group and p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.149 was found respectively. HBeAg positive group was compared with HBeAg-negative group, HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative treatment group and p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001 was found respectively. When HBsAg and HBV-DNA was compared there was statistically significant relationship (p<0.001) for all patients, but there was no significant association when groups was taken

Assessing the Sound and Heat Insulation Characteristics of Layered Nonwoven Composite Structures Composed of Meltblown and Recycled Thermo-Bonded Layers

Sound and heat insulation are among the most important concerns in modern life and nonwoven composite structures are highly effective in noise reduction and heat insulation. In this study, three layered nonwoven composite structures composed of a recycled polyester (r-Pet)-based thermo-bonded nonwoven outer layer and meltblown nonwovens from Polypropylene (PP) and Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) as inner layers were formed to provide heat and sound insulation. Fiber fineness and cross-section of the thermo-bonded outer layer, fiber type (PP/PBT), areal weight (100/200 g/m2) and process conditions (calendared/non-calendared) of the meltblown inner layer were changed systematically and the influence of these independent variables on thickness, bulk density, air permeability, sound absorption coefficient and thermal resistance of composite structures were analyzed statistically by using Design Expert 13 software. Additionally, the results were compared with composite structures including an electrospun nanofiber web inner layer and with structures without an inner layer. It was concluded that comparable or even better sound absorption values were achieved with the developed nonwoven composites containing meltblown layers compared to nanofiber-included composites and the materials in previous studies