Jet Geometry Engineering Via Di-Jet Imbalance Measurements At Rhic In Star

Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions produced at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a new state of matter of deconfined quarks and gluons (partons) called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). This plasma of deconfined but strongly coupled partons is believed to have been the primary state of matter in the universe up to a few milliseconds after the Big Bang. High energy partons produced in hard scatterings early in the collision can be used to probe the entire lifetime of the QGP. These partons propagate through and interact with the QGP before fragmenting into collimated sprays of hadrons called jets. Modification of these jets due to interaction with the QGP, also known as jet quenching, can provide insight into the interactions between the colored probe and the strongly interacting medium. Two analyses utilizing specific ``hard-core\u27\u27 di-jet events identified at the STAR detector at RHIC are presented, using Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV. In the di-jet hadron correlations, charged hadron yield with respect to the reconstructed jet axes allow for measurement of the redistribution of energy within the constituents of a jet due to interactions with the medium. It is shown that these ``hard-core\u27\u27 di-jets are significantly less modified by the medium than what is seen in the inclusive jet population, with relatively vacuum-like widths and constituent yields. In the differential di-jet imbalance measurement, the di-jet definition used to identify hard-core di-jets is systematically varied in two parameters: the jet resolution parameter, R, and the hard constituent transverse momentum threshold, p_T^{const}, which controls the selection of jets with harder or softer fragmentation patterns. It is found that the amount of modification experienced by the di-jet population is sensitive to the selection of these two parameters. The ability to control the amount of modification in a jet sample in a systematic manner suggests the possibility of Jet Geometry Engineering, the ability to control the path length of a jet in the QGP, which would allow for more direct study of the path length dependence of partonic energy loss

Investigating Dissatisfied Dropout from Short Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Adolescents with Depression

Dropout is a significant concern for providers and researchers of adolescent psychotherapy due to the potential impact on resources and outcomes. Some of those who dropout, do so as they are dissatisfied with their treatment, however there is little research into the therapeutic processes that precede dissatisfied dropout. The aim of this single-case study was to further our understanding regarding the interactional processes that are implicated in a therapy where the client dropped out and remained dissatisfied with the treatment. The case was sampled from a wider sample of ‘dissatisfied dropouts’, previously identified as participants in the IMPACT study, who had dropped out from treatment and were dissatisfied with their treatment. Sessions were transcribed verbatim and analysed using discourse analysis. The findings identified specific actions the therapist took to attempt to construct the young person’s problem as psychological in nature, which the young person most often rejected. Over the course of therapy, the young person’s response shifted from an implicit to an explicit communication of rejection. These results demonstrate the way in which initial rejection of the therapist’s construction may be an indicator of upcoming ‘dissatisfied dropout’ and suggestions for further research include investigating whether ‘dissatisfied dropout’ can be reduced through adaptation of technique

Understanding implementation and feasibility of tobacco cessation in routine primary care in Nepal: a mixed methods study

Background: By 2030, 80 % of the annual 8.3 million deaths attributable to tobacco will be in low-income countries (LICs). Yet, services to support people to quit tobacco are not part of routine primary care in LICs. This study explored the challenges to implementing a behavioural support (BS) intervention to promote tobacco cessation within primary care in Nepal. Methods: The study used qualitative and quantitative methods within an action research approach in three primary health care centres (PHCCs) in two districts of Nepal. Before implementation, 21 patient interviews and two focus groups with health workers informed intervention design. Over a 6-month period, two researchers facilitated action research meetings with staff and observed implementation, recording the process and their reflections in diaries. Patients were followed up 3 months after BS to determine tobacco use (verified biochemically) and gain feedback on the intervention. A further five interviews with managers provided reflections on the process. The qualitative analysis used Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) to understand implementation. Results: Only 2 % of out-patient appointments identified the patient as a smoker. Qualitative findings highlight patients' unwillingness to admit their smoking status and limited motivation among health workers to offer the intervention. Patient-centred skills needed for BS were new to staff, who found them challenging particularly with low-literacy patients (skill set workability). Heath workers saw cessation advice and BS as an addition to their existing workload (relational integration). While there was strong policy buy-in, operationalising this through reporting and supervision was limited (contextual integration). Of the 44 patients receiving the intervention, 27 were successfully followed up after 3 months; 37 % of these had quit (verified biochemically). Conclusions: Traditionally, primary health care in LICs has focused on acute care; with increasing recognition of the need for lifestyle change, health workers must develop new skills and relationships with patients. Appropriate and regular recording, reporting, supervision and clear leadership are needed if health workers are to take responsibility for smoking cessation. The consistent implementation of these health system activities is a requirement if cessation services are to be normalised within routine primary care

Multisite Investigation of Outcomes With Implementation of CYP2C19 Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

OBJECTIVES: This multicenter pragmatic investigation assessed outcomes following clinical implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles impair clopidogrel effectiveness after PCI. METHODS: After clinical genotyping, each institution recommended alternative antiplatelet therapy (prasugrel, ticagrelor) in PCI patients with a loss-of-function allele. Major adverse cardiovascular events (defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, or death) within 12 months of PCI were compared between patients with a loss-of-function allele prescribed clopidogrel versus alternative therapy. Risk was also compared between patients without a loss-of-function allele and loss-of-function allele carriers prescribed alternative therapy. Cox regression was performed, adjusting for group differences with inverse probability of treatment weights. RESULTS: Among 1,815 patients, 572 (31.5%) had a loss-of-function allele. The risk for major adverse cardiovascular events was significantly higher in patients with a loss-of-function allele prescribed clopidogrel versus alternative therapy (23.4 vs. 8.7 per 100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.18 to 4.32; p = 0.013). Similar results were observed among 1,210 patients with acute coronary syndromes at the time of PCI (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.35 to 6.09; p = 0.013). There was no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events between patients without a loss-of-function allele and loss-of-function allele carriers prescribed alternative therapy (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 1.88; p = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: These data from real-world observations demonstrate a higher risk for cardiovascular events in patients with a CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele if clopidogrel versus alternative therapy is prescribed. A future randomized study of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy may be of value

Multisite Investigation of Outcomes With Implementation of CYP2C19 Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

OBJECTIVES: This multicenter pragmatic investigation assessed outcomes following clinical implementation of CYP2C19 genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles impair clopidogrel effectiveness after PCI. METHODS: After clinical genotyping, each institution recommended alternative antiplatelet therapy (prasugrel, ticagrelor) in PCI patients with a loss-of-function allele. Major adverse cardiovascular events (defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, or death) within 12 months of PCI were compared between patients with a loss-of-function allele prescribed clopidogrel versus alternative therapy. Risk was also compared between patients without a loss-of-function allele and loss-of-function allele carriers prescribed alternative therapy. Cox regression was performed, adjusting for group differences with inverse probability of treatment weights. RESULTS: Among 1,815 patients, 572 (31.5%) had a loss-of-function allele. The risk for major adverse cardiovascular events was significantly higher in patients with a loss-of-function allele prescribed clopidogrel versus alternative therapy (23.4 vs. 8.7 per 100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.18 to 4.32; p = 0.013). Similar results were observed among 1,210 patients with acute coronary syndromes at the time of PCI (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.35 to 6.09; p = 0.013). There was no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events between patients without a loss-of-function allele and loss-of-function allele carriers prescribed alternative therapy (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 1.88; p = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: These data from real-world observations demonstrate a higher risk for cardiovascular events in patients with a CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele if clopidogrel versus alternative therapy is prescribed. A future randomized study of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy may be of value

Cubyl and 4-fluorocubyl radicals

The ESR spectra of cubyl and 4-fluorocubyl radicals were observed in solution; they indicated that hyperconjugation was slight, but that significant spin density reaches C(3) and C(4).</p

Homolytic Reactions of Homocubane and Basketane:Rearrangement of the 9-Basketyl Radical by Multiple β-Scissions

Methods are described for the synthesis of 9-hydroxy-and 9-bromopentacyclo[4.3.0.02, 5.03, 8.04, 7]nonane (homocubane derivatives) and for the same derivatives of pentacyclo[4.3.0.02, 5.03, 8.04, 7]decane (basketane). The 9-homocubyl and 9-basketyl radicals generated from these precursors were observed by EPR spectroscopy. In spite of their very large strain energies, both radicals rearranged extremely slowly, and unrearranged products were obtained from homolytic reactions in solution at temperatures below 150 °C. At higher temperatures the 9-basketyl radical rearranged by a cascade of three β-scissions, the ultimate product being 1 -(4-cyclobut-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2, 4-diene. The Arrhenius parameters for the rearrangement were found to be log(Ar/s-1) = 13.6, Er= 13.5 kcal mob-1. The 9-homocubyl radical did not rearrange even at 220 °C. An explanation as to why these cage radicals rearrange at least 6 orders of magnitude more slowly than the related cubylcarbinyl radical is presented, and semiempirical SCF-MO calculations are reported.</p