Les effets sur l'emploi manufacturier du Mexique de l'ouverture commerciale de la Chine dans les années 1988-2002

Rapport de rechercheNuméro de référence interne originel : a1.1 g 102

Predicting invasive breast cancer versus DCIS in different age groups.

BackgroundIncreasing focus on potentially unnecessary diagnosis and treatment of certain breast cancers prompted our investigation of whether clinical and mammographic features predictive of invasive breast cancer versus ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) differ by age.MethodsWe analyzed 1,475 malignant breast biopsies, 1,063 invasive and 412 DCIS, from 35,871 prospectively collected consecutive diagnostic mammograms interpreted at University of California, San Francisco between 1/6/1997 and 6/29/2007. We constructed three logistic regression models to predict the probability of invasive cancer versus DCIS for the following groups: women ≥ 65 (older group), women 50-64 (middle age group), and women < 50 (younger group). We identified significant predictors and measured the performance in all models using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThe models for older and the middle age groups performed significantly better than the model for younger group (AUC = 0.848 vs, 0.778; p = 0.049 and AUC = 0.851 vs, 0.778; p = 0.022, respectively). Palpability and principal mammographic finding were significant predictors in distinguishing invasive from DCIS in all age groups. Family history of breast cancer, mass shape and mass margins were significant positive predictors of invasive cancer in the older group whereas calcification distribution was a negative predictor of invasive cancer (i.e. predicted DCIS). In the middle age group--mass margins, and in the younger group--mass size were positive predictors of invasive cancer.ConclusionsClinical and mammographic finding features predict invasive breast cancer versus DCIS better in older women than younger women. Specific predictive variables differ based on age

Reflections on Mental Health Advocacy Across Differing Ecological Levels

Background: According to the World Health Organization, mental health advocacy is comprised of a range of actions designed to change aspects of attitudes and structures that impede the achievement of positive mental health in populations. Methods: According to the World Health Organization, mental health advocacy is comprised of a range of actions designed to change aspects of attitudes and structures that impede the achievement of positive mental health in populations. Results: We have proposed interventions and advocacy effort for each ecological level. Project UPLIFT, a distance-delivered intervention for mental health is presented as an example of an effort that can affect several levels of the social ecology. Conclusions: Advocacy and interventions that make an effort to encompass the levels of the social-ecological model may contribute to greater progress in improving mental health outcomes

Estimacion de costos de produccion de smolt de salmon del Atlantico (Salmo salar) : caso de estudio: Salmones Colbun S.A.

92 p.Durante los últimos años la acuicultura chilena ha presentado un importante crecimiento sustentada principalmente por la salmonicultura. El carácter de emergente de este sector, ha generado una industria acuícola altamente competitiva, cuyas ventajas vienen dadas por los costos de producción. Además, las empresas de la industria salmonera se han integrado verticalmente en los últimos años. El objetivo principal del estudio es estimar los costos de producción de smolt del Salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) de la empresa Salmones Colbún S.A. Se propuso una estructura de costos con el objetivo de lograr una mayor eficiencia en la administración y control de costos de producción. En la estructura se distinguen dos tipos de costos, los costos explícitos (costos de operación fijos y variables) y los costos de oportunidad (costo de capital asociado a las inversiones). Para la determinación de la tasa de descuento relevante, utilizada para el cálculo del costo de capital, se tomó como referencia la empresa Salmones Maistream S.A., ya que es la única del sector que transa sus acciones en la Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago. Para su estimación, se utilizó el modelo de mercado tradicional, sin embargo hubo que realizar algunas modificaciones, ya que esta empresa presenta transacciones discontinuas, por lo tanto, es necesario ajustar el parámetro de riesgo sistemático f3j, lo cual se realizó a través del estimador de riesgo sistemático propuesto por Scholes y Williams. El Costo de Capital Total mensual (CCT), se calculó utilizando la ecuación simple de amortización de pago vencido, considerando el valor de mercado de las inversiones existentes en infraestructuras, y máquinas y equipos. Posteriormente se determinó el Costo Medio de Capital (CMeC), dividiendo el CCT por la producción mensual de smolt. También se calcularon los costos medios de operación. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el CMeC asociado a máquinas y equipos aporta el mayor porcentaje al CCT. Por otro lado el componente más relevante dentro del Costo Medio Fijo (CMeF), es la mano de obra. Con relación al Costo Medio Variable (CMeV), podemos mencionar la mayor importancia que tiene el costo de las ovas, el alimento y el oxígeno con respecto al resto de los componentes. Al considerar la nueva estructura de costos observamos que la empresa Salmones Colbún S.A. presentó utilidades económicas positivas durante el año 1998

Diabetes and Technology for Increased Activity (DaTA) Study: Results of a remote monitoring intervention for prevention of metabolic syndrome

Objective: An increasingly aged, overweight, and sedentary population has resulted in elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The escalating incidence of diabetes and other chronic illnesses, deficits in health care budgets, and physician shortages, especially in rural communities, have prompted investigations of feasible solutions. The Diabetes and Technology for Increased Activity (DaTA) study was designed to test the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention driven by self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG), blood pressure (BP), physical activity (PA), and weight to positively impact CVD risk factors in a medically underserviced rural population with a high incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Research Design and Methods: Conducted in a community-based research setting, this single-center open feasibility study used smart phones to transmit BP, BG, pedometer, weight, heart rate, and activity measurements to a database. Technology allowed participants to interface with the clinical team and self-monitor their personal health indicators. Results: Twenty-four participants aged 30 to 71 years completed the 8-week intervention. Participants had significant improvement in clinic (p = .046) and self-monitored diastolic BP (p = .001), body mass index (p = .002), and total cholesterol (p = .009), and steps per day. Daily PA increased as well as participants\u27 interest in and willingness to make lifestyle changes that impact health outcomes. Conclusions: The DaTA study demonstrated that self-monitoring of the risk factors for MS and increased PA improved the participant\u27s CVD risk profile. Considering the 8-week time period of this intervention, results are encouraging. This lifestyle intervention, which uses education and technology as tools, confirms the utility of remote health monitoring. © Diabetes Technology Society