Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost and Loss Minimization On Nigerian Power Grid System

One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profil

Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G Communication

The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions

INVESTIGATING POINTS-OF-GENERATION POWER LOSSES ON THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL GRID FOLLOWING UNBUNDLING OF THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY

Aside from the domino effects of being radial in structure, the Nigerian national electric grid is currently suffering from deteriorated infrastructures and unpredictable fuel supply for power generation. Massive introduction of green energy-based microgrid alternatives has been proposed as a major means of resolving the challenges. Such paradigm shift needs to be substantiated within the context of the present situation of the grid, for the consumption of policy makers and implementers, hence; the performance of the generation sub-system of the grid in the post-deregulation era is evaluated in this study. Two-year numerical data on the operational capacities of the twenty-nine power plants that are currently connected to the grid are employed to profile the behaviours of the plants over the period. Yearly averages of the three operational capacities of each plant are estimated, and by comparing the respective capacities, generation losses are computed for each of the plants. With 5,063.8 MW yearly average generation capacity in the year 2018, a loss of 61.02 % was experienced on the sub-system; while the generation loss was 61.55 % in the year 2019 that has yearly average generation capacity of 5,062.5 MW. For the two years combined, the average generation capacity is 5,063.2 MW at 61.36 % power loss. These estimations reveal that the pre-deregulation loss profile of the generation sub-system has not been curtailed despite the unbundling of the electric power industry. Generation loss has rather persisted and keeps taking a heavy toll on the electric utility market of the country. Significant deployment of renewable electricity microgrid is therefore required to provide enduring solution

Development of a web-based broadband mapping application

Broadband mapping plays an intricate part in broadband availability. With a variety of methods existing in achieving broadband mapping, a more compact approach that is both easy to use and cost effective is necessary. Exploring the software approach using a web application, it becomes plausible to carry out broadband mapping. A three-in-one web-based broadband mapping application (www.speedtester.com.ng) capable of detecting the mapping location and measuring the speed of the Internet Service Provider (ISP) was developed. It also provides a facility for data storage and display on a map. The developed application was tested against an existing software to confirm its accuracy. The developed application showed significant accuracy, flexibility of usage along with its cost-effective implementation. In addition, the performance of three different ISPs at selected locations were evaluated using the developed application. The result shows that the minimum broadband speed benchmark set by the National Broadband Committee has not been realized for some ISPs. Hence, for optimal internet services, users can make informed decisions on the ISP services to utilize

Bibliometric analysis, scientometrics and metasynthesis of Internet of Things (IoT) in smart buildings

Purpose: The Internet of Things has made the shift to the digital era possible, even though the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector has not embraced nor integrated it within the core functions compared to other sectors. The need to enhance sustainable construction with the adoption of Internet of Things in this sector cannot be overemphasized. However, the real-world applications of Internet of Things in smart buildings remain relatively unexplored in the AEC sector due to several issues related to deployment and energy-saving potentials. Given these challenges, this paper proposes to identify the present state of development and research in Internet of Things and smart buildings, and identify Internet of Things clusters and applications in smart buildings. Design/methodology/approach: Bibliometric analyses of papers from 2010 to 2023 using the Scopus database and scientometric evaluations using the VosViewer software were undertaken. The proper search keyword was identified by using the phrases “ Internet of Things” and “Smart Building”. A total of 1158 documents in all, written by 3540 different writers, representing 2285 different institutions from 97 different countries were looked at. A metasynthesis was conducted and a system of Internet of Things applications in a smart building is illustrated. Findings: The development of IoT and Smart Buildings is done in two phases: initiation (2010-2012) and development (2013-2023). The IoT clusters comprised internet of things, energy efficiency, intelligent buildings, smart buildings, and automation; while the most commonly used applications were analysed and established. The study also determined the productive journals, documents, authors, and countries. Research limitations/implications: Documents published in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2023 were considered for the bibliometric analysis. Journal articles, conference papers, reviews, books, and book chapters written in English language represent the inclusion criteria, while articles in press, conference reviews, letters, editorials, undefined sources, and all medical and health publications were excluded. Practical implications: The results of this study will be used by construction stakeholders and policymakers to identify key themes and applications in IoT-enabled smart buildings and to guide future research in the policymaking process of asset management. Originality/value: The study utilised bibliometric analysis, scientometrics and metasynthesis to investigate internet of things applications in smart buildings. The study identified internet of things clusters and applications for smart building design and construction. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, bibliometrics, internet of things, network sensors, smart buildings

WIND ENERGY EVALUATION AND TURBINE IDENTIFICATION FOR POWER GENERATION IN SOME SELECTED AREAS IN NIGERIA

In this paper, the wind power potentials as well as wind speed characteristics of four selected locations in the North-Central (Ilorin and Makurdi) and North-East (Gombe and Maiduguri) parts of Nigeria are investigated. The data used are obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) between the durations of 11 and 54 years, measured at an anemometer height of 10m. The analysis of the data is carried out using a two-parameter Weibull Distribution Function (WDF). The most probable wind-speed and the wind-speed carrying the maximum energy were also evaluated. The capacity factor estimation is then used to identify the most suitable turbine for the sites. The results obtained show a monthly mean wind-speed of 4.50 m/s, 3.72 m/s, 4.77 m/s and 5.34 m/s for Ilorin, Gombe, Makurdi and Maiduguri respectively, while the wind-power densities were 67.74 W/m2, 40.87 W/m2, 79.52 W/m2 and 107.49 W/m2 respectively for the same sites

Techno-economic Assessment of Wind Turbines in Nigeria

Wind energy potentials of some selected high altitude and coastal areas in Nigeria are assessed for possible utilization for the generation of electricity. The main aim is to provide pragmatic insight that will enhance the investment in wind energy conversion systems in an optimal manner. The data used in this present study were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency, which includes average wind speeds per day of four locations across the country, measured at the anemometer height of 10 m over a period of 11 years. With the sites classified based on their wind power densities, the capacity factor estimation value was used to select the most suitable turbine for the selected sites, and the present value cost method was employed to estimate the unit cost of energy of the turbine at various hub-heights. The results obtained from this study reveal that Jos, Kano and Ikeja are economically viable as well as having excellent wind resources integration into the grid, while P/H is viable for a standalone application. The outcome of the study provides useful information that will aid renewable energy policymakers in Nigeria for wind energy development

WIND ENERGY EVALUATION AND TURBINE IDENTIFICATION FOR POWER GENERATION IN SOME SELECTED AREAS IN NIGERIA

In this paper, the wind power potentials as well as wind speed characteristics of four selected locations in the North-Central (Ilorin and Makurdi) and North-East (Gombe and Maiduguri) parts of Nigeria are investigated. The data used are obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) between the durations of 11 and 54 years, measured at an anemometer height of 10m. The analysis of the data is carried out using a two-parameter Weibull Distribution Function (WDF). The most probable wind-speed and the wind-speed carrying the maximum energy were also evaluated. The capacity factor estimation is then used to identify the most suitable turbine for the sites. The results obtained show a monthly mean wind-speed of 4.50 m/s, 3.72 m/s, 4.77 m/s and 5.34 m/s for Ilorin, Gombe, Makurdi and Maiduguri respectively, while the wind-power densities were 67.74 W/m2, 40.87 W/m2, 79.52 W/m2 and 107.49 W/m2 respectively for the same sites

Effect of weather condition on LoRa IoT communication technology in a tropical region: Malaysia

An experimental study on the effect of weather conditions such as solar radiation, humidity, temperature, and rain on the Long Range (LoRa) communication in a tropical region (Malaysia) via a campus environment has been carried out and analyzed. The weather parameters were obtained from an online meteorological weather station (Meteoblue) and the use of a local automatic weather station. A temperature sensor was attached to the LoRa node to measure the onboard temperature. We analyze the diurnal variation and the effects of the weather condition based on the LoRa link in a LoRaWAN setup. A regular pattern of RSSI was observed with stronger RSSI values having a positive correlation with the atmospheric temperature, onboard temperature, and solar radiation during the day but degrades in late evenings. The positive correlation and pattern observed can be attributed to the prevailing metrological conditions and opens room for further research needed for propagation modeling. The RSSI signals and relative humidity, on the other hand, showed no correlation. Furthermore, strong RSSI signals were obtained when the atmospheric temperature was between 30 - 40 °C, and the onboard temperature between 40 - 50 °C. No significant impact was observed on the RSSI signals when the rainfall rates vary from 12 mm/h to 180 mm/h. The study presents useful information to be considered on the effects of weather conditions in the propagation model and deployment of LoRa for IoT communication