Transfert d'eau liquide dans les parois du bâtiment

The objective of this research is to study moisture transfer in the liquid phase in building walls by defining a new metrology to determine the liquid permeability coefficient of building materials. A theoretical part provides us with the present state of knowledge of the modelling of water transfer in liquid phase. It is supplemented with another part dealing with the methods used to measure or impose capillary pressures (or suctions), with particular focus on the osmotic method used later on to impose boundary conditions in terms of suction. This last part opens with a review of the methods intended to measure liquid permeability, and ends with the definition and development of a new method for measuring permeability, for which a patent was registered, which is based on the osmotic method and runs under steady-state conditions, measuring the input and output flow rates of the sample. A testing campaign is carried out on autoclaved aerated concrete with different couples of boundary conditions. An equation is then arranged relating liquid permeability and suction, a process which deserves careful and deeper thought. Finally, the new measuring method calls for improvement. Nevertheless, its operational character is obvious.L'objectif de cette recherche est l'étude du transfert d'eau en phase liquide dans les parois du bâtiment et de définir une nouvelle métrologie pour déterminer le coefficient de perméabilité liquide des matériaux du bâtiment. Une partie théorique fait l'état des connaissances en matière de modélisation du transfert d'eau en phase liquide. Elle est suivie par une partie qui relate les méthodes utilisées pour mesurer ou imposer des pressions capillaires (ou succions) avec un intérêt particulier à la méthode osmotique qui est utilisée plus tard pour imposer des conditions aux limites en terme de succion. Cette dernière partie s'ouvre sur une revue des méthodes de mesure de la perméabilité liquide et sera conclue par la définition et la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la perméabilité liquide, qui a fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet d'invention, s'appuyant sur la méthode osmotique et qui fonctionne en régime permanent, mesurant les débits entrant et sortant de l'échantillon. Une campagne d'essais est menée sur du béton cellulaire autoclave avec différents couples de conditions aux limites. Il s'ensuit une recherche d'identification d'une relation entre la perméabilité liquide et la succion, démarche qui mérite plus d'approfondissement. Finalement cette nouvelle méthode de mesure mérite d'être diffusée, et son caractère opérationnel est manifeste

Cytotoxicity of V-Prep Versus Phosphoric Acid Etchant on Oral Gingival Fibroblasts

International audienceThe most used etchant in dental daily practice is the phosphoric acid (P.A.; 37%). However, acid etchants can induce necrosis on the oral mucosa and cause the ulceration of periodontal tissue when a rubber dam is not used. V-prep is a new practical alternative, and it has satisfactory results. It is used as a preparation before the application of a resin-modified glass ionomer composite (RMGIC) to bond the orthodontic brackets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the V-prep on oral gingival fibroblasts cells by comparing the cell damage and cell viability after the use of V-prep and a conventional phosphoric acid etchant with different application times and concentrations. Therefore, Gingival fibroblasts passage 6 (GFP6) was grown and treated with an acid etchant and V-prep at three different concentrations (1:1, 1:2 and 1:10) for two different application durations (30 s and 1 min). The morphological changes, cell death and cell viability were assessed. Pyknosis, karyolysis, nucleus reversible and irreversible damages and membrane destruction were observed for both of the etchants at the higher concentrations and longer application durations. Mann-Whitney Utests were used for the statistical analyses. The application of the V-prep for 30 s showed better values than the acid etchant did in the cell damage analysis and cell viability analysis (p = 0.03). V-prep at a 1:10 concentration applied for a 30 s duration can preserve the viability of gingival fibroblasts cells up to 100%. The toxicity of V-prep is equal or lower than the toxicity of the acid etchant that is commonly used in dentistry. Thus, the V-prep can be used with precautions intra-orally, and it should be applied on the enamel as a gel for 30 s only before it is rinsed and removed