Skadeincidens bland utövare av brasiliansk jiu jitsu och hur de reagerar vid skada - en enkätstudie

Bakgrund: Brasiliansk jiu-jitsu (BJJ) är en kampsport med många likheter med brottning och judo. Sporten går ut på att två personer försöker besegra varandra genom att antingen vinna på poäng eller tvinga sin motståndare att ge upp. Tidigare BJJ-studier har endast visat på skadeincidensen vid BJJ-tävlingar men det saknas kunskap om skadeincidens inom BJJ som även inkluderar skador vid träning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att ta reda på incidensen av BJJ-relaterade skador som håller utövare av sporten borta från träning och/eller tävling. Studien syftade även till att undersöka vårdsökande vid skador och i vilken utsträckning utövarna tränar med smärta. Metod: Studien var en retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie som avsåg de senaste sex månaderna. Enkäten som användes var i pappersform och egenkonstruerad. Enkäten delades ut direkt till deltagarna i samband med träningstillfälle. I denna studie definieras skada som time-loss. Fjorton svenska BJJ-klubbar klubbar tillfrågades om deltagande. Åtta svarade på förfrågan och deltog. Klubbarna var lokaliserade i Lund, Helsingborg, Göteborg och Stockholm. Resultat: Sjuttioåtta enkätsvar inkluderades i studien. Den totala träningstiden för BJJ för gruppen de senaste sex månaderna var 10 075 timmar. Under denna träningstid uppgav deltagarna att det uppstod 109 skador, vilket ger ett incidenstal på 10,8 BJJ-relaterade skador/1000 exponeringstimmar. Tjugosex procent angav att de påbörjat en BJJ-träning med smärta minst en gång per vecka. Femton procent angav att de påbörjat en BJJ-träning med smärta mer än en gång per vecka. Fyrtiotre procent av deltagarna som skadat sig sökte inte någon vård. Av de som fått rekommendationer för rehabilitering av skadan uppgav 48% att de följt dem helt, 43% delvis och 9% inte alls. Slutsats: Incidensen för BJJ-relaterade skador hos den undersökta gruppen blev 10,8 skador/1000 exponeringstimmar. I den undersökta gruppen var det vanligt att träna trots smärta och att inte söka vård för sina skador. När utövarna sökte vård var det främst läkare som de kom i kontakt med, följt av fysioterapeuter och naprapater. Bland de som fick rekommendationer för rehabilitering av sina skador var det bara knappt hälften som uppgav att de följt rekommendationerna helt

Complex Population Structure of Lyme Borreliosis Group Spirochete Borrelia garinii in Subarctic Eurasia

Borrelia garinii, a causative agent of Lyme borreliosis in Europe and Asia, is naturally maintained in marine and terrestrial enzootic cycles, which primarily involve birds, including seabirds and migratory passerines. These bird groups associate with, correspondingly, Ixodes uriae and Ixodes ricinus ticks, of which the latter species may bite and transmit the infection to humans. Studies of the overlap between these two natural cycles of B. garinii have been limited, in part due to the absence of representative collections of this spirochete's samples, as well as of the lack of reliable measure of the genetic heterogeneity of its strains. As a prerequisite for understanding the epidemiological correlates of the complex maintenance of B. garinii, the present study sought to assess the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of this species' strains from its natural hosts and patients with Lyme borreliosis from subarctic Eurasia. We used sequence typing of the partial rrs-rrl intergenic spacer (IGS) of archived and prospective samples of B. garinii from I. uriae ticks collected predominantly on Commander Islands in North Pacific, as well as on the islands in northern Sweden and arctic Norway. We also typed B. garinii samples from patients with Lyme borreliosis and I. ricinus ticks infesting migratory birds in southern Sweden, or found questing in selected sites on the islands in the Baltic Sea and Lithuania. Fifty-two (68%) of 77 B. garinii samples representing wide geographical range and associated with I. ricinus and infection of humans contributed 12 (60%) of total 20 identified IGS variants. In contrast, the remaining 25 (32%) samples recovered from I. uriae ticks from a few islands accounted for as many as 10 (50%) IGS types, suggesting greater local diversity of B. garinii maintained by seabirds and their ticks. Two IGS variants of the spirochete in common for both tick species were found in I. ricinus larvae from migratory birds, an indication that B. garinii strains are exchanged between different ecological niches. Notably, B. garinii variants associated with I. uriae ticks were found in each of the six clusters, representing two phylogenetic lineages of this species identified among the studied samples. Our findings suggest that B. garinii in subarctic Eurasia comprises two partially overlapping populations with different levels of genetic heterogeneity, presumably, due to distinctive selective pressures on the spirochete in its marine and terrestrial enzootic cycles

Landscape Epidemiology of Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden

Transmission sites of specific Francisella tularensis genotypes were highly localized during natural outbreaks of human tularemia

Synapsins I and II Are Not Required for Insulin Secretion from Mouse Pancreatic beta-cells

Synapsins are a family of phosphoproteins that modulate the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. The release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells has also been suggested to be regulated by synapsins. In this study, we have utilized a knock out mouse model with general disruptions of the synapsin I and II genes [synapsin double knockout (DKO)]. Stimulation with 20 mM glucose increased insulin secretion 9-fold in both wild-type (WT) and synapsin DKO islets, whereas secretion in the presence of 70 mM K+ and 1mM glucose was significantly enhanced in the synapsin DKO mice compared to WT. Exocytosis in single beta-cells was investigated using patch clamp. The exocytotic response, measured by capacitance measurements and elicited by a depolarization protocol designed to visualize exocytosis of vesicles from the readily releasable pool and from the reserve pool, was of the same size in synapsin DKO and WT beta-cells. The increase in membrane capacitance corresponding to readily releasable pool was approximately 50fF in both genotypes. We next investigated the voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx. In both WT and synapsin DKO beta-cells the Ca2+ current peaked at 0 mV and measured peak current (I-p) and net charge (Q) were of similar magnitude. Finally, ultrastructural data showed no variation in total number of granules (N-v) or number of docked granules (N-s) between the beta-cells from synapsin DKO mice and WT control. We conclude that neither synapsin I nor synapsin II are directly involved in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and Ca-2-dependent exocytosis in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. (Endocrinology 153: 2112-2119, 2012

Outbreaks of Tularemia in a Boreal Forest Region Depends on Mosquito Prevalence

Background. We aimed to evaluate the potential association of mosquito prevalence in a boreal forest area with transmission of the bacterial disease tularemia to humans, and model the annual variation of disease using local weather data

Reduced insulin secretion correlates with decreased expression of exocytotic genes in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes.

Reduced insulin release has been linked to defect exocytosis in β-cells. However, whether expression of genes suggested to be involved in the exocytotic process (exocytotic genes) is altered in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and correlate to insulin secretion, needs to be further investigated. Analysing expression levels of 23 exocytotic genes using microarray revealed reduced expression of five genes in human T2D islets (χ(2)=13.25; p<0.001). Gene expression of STX1A, SYT4, SYT7, SYT11, SYT13, SNAP25 and STXBP1 correlated negatively to in vivo measurements of HbA1c levels and positively to glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vitro in human islets. STX1A, SYT4 and SYT11 protein levels correspondingly decreased in human T2D islets. Moreover, silencing of SYT4 and SYT13 reduced GSIS in INS1-832/13 cells. Our data support that reduced expression of exocytotic genes contributes to impaired insulin secretion, and suggest decreased expression of these genes as part of T2D pathogenesis

The 2000 Tularemia Outbreak: A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors in Disease-Endemic and Emergent Areas, Sweden

A widespread outbreak of tularemia in Sweden in 2000 was investigated in a case-control study in which 270 reported cases of tularemia were compared with 438 controls. The outbreak affected parts of Sweden where tularemia had hitherto been rare, and these “emergent” areas were compared with the disease-endemic areas. Multivariate regression analysis showed mosquito bites to be the main risk factor, with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.8. Other risk factors were owning a cat (OR 2.5) and farm work (OR 3.2). Farming was a risk factor only in the disease-endemic area. Swollen lymph nodes and wound infections were more common in the emergent area, while pneumonia was more common in the disease-endemic area. Mosquito bites appear to be important in transmission of tularemia. The association between cat ownership and disease merits further investigation

Time-dynamic effects on the global temperature when harvesting logging residues for bioenergy

The climate mitigation potential of using logging residues (tree tops and branches) for bioenergy has been debated. In this study, a time-dependent life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed using a single-stand perspective. Three forest stands located in different Swedish climate zones were studied in order to assess the global temperature change when using logging residues for producing district heating. These systems were compared with two fossil reference systems in which the logging residues were assumed to remain in the forest to decompose over time, while coal or natural gas was used for energy. The results showed that replacing coal with logging residues gave a direct climate benefit from a single-stand perspective, while replacing natural gas gave a delayed climate benefit of around 8-12 years depending on climate zone. A sensitivity analysis showed that the time was strongly dependent on the assumptions for extraction and combustion of natural gas. The LCA showed that from a single-stand perspective, harvesting logging residues for bioenergy in the south of Sweden would give the highest temperature change mitigation potential per energy unit. However, the differences between the three climate zones studied per energy unit were relatively small. On a hectare basis, the southern forest stand would generate more biomass compared to the central and northern locations, which thereby could replace more fossil fuel and give larger climate benefits