Il licenziamento libero dell’apprendista al termine del periodo formativo: un dogma da superare? = The free dismissal of the apprentice at the end of the training period: a dogma to overcome? WP C.S.D.L.E. “Massimo D’Antona”.IT – 384/2019

The essay deals with the regulation of the termination of the employment contract at the end of the apprenticeship period. The author says that the rule which allows the employer to hire freely (that means without any justification, but only with notice) the apprentice at the end oh the training period seems like an antiquated rule. The legislator should have abolished this rule on the occasion of the several rewievs of the discipline of the apprenticeship contracts, which is a training contract. Furthermore the essay underlines that this regulation is not coherent with the definition of the apprenticeship as a permanent contract. However, since this regulation doesn’t conflict with the principles of italian Constitution or with the European law, the author suggested to adopt a different solution for the question, according to the three types of apprenticeship, excluding, in particular, the rule of the free dismissal for the second type of apprenticeship, the so-called “apprendistato professionalizzante”

Un mare ordinario

1I progetti elaborati nell'ambito di un'esperienza didattica sulla fascia costiera di Muggia (Trieste) offrono spunti per una riflessione più ampia sull'invenzione di paesaggi per ritmi quotidiani. Nei luoghi dell'abbandono, ancora al margine delle pressioni di trasformazione, il progetto di paesaggio può rivelare appieno la capacità di farsi «artificio superiore», dispositivo per la «messa in scena» degli elementi dell'ambiente fisico, per la costruzione di un'idea «che dia una forma, un quadro, delle misure alle nostre percezioni» e, così facendo, riorganizzi le «condizioni di vita» nei luoghi attraverso la definizione di una nuova «visione d'insieme» (Cauquelin, 2000, pp. 3-4). Invenzione non intesa quindi come libertà assoluta, quanto piuttosto come esercizio di una paziente ricomposizione, laddove vincoli e problematicità del sito dettano le regole e orientano la prefigurazione di un ambiente anche radicalmente diverso dall'esistente. Il carattere ordinario degli spazi indagati dal Laboratorio didattico, la loro vocazione a ospitare i ritmi quotidiani di chi ricerca un contatto semplice e diretto con il mare ci hanno spinto ad assumere un approccio progettuale fondato su un'interpretazione particolarmente attenta delle condizioni contestuali, su una definizione del vocabolario degli elementi compositivi a partire dai materiali dello spazio non costruito che qui è già dato trovare e che i processi di bonifica ulteriormente concorreranno a plasmare.Il testo offre una riflessione critica sugli esiti del Laboratorio di Progettazione integrata (CdL Specialistica, Facoltà di Architettura, Università di Trieste), presso il quale E. Marchigiani è stata titolare del corso di Progettazione del paesaggio.nonemixedMarchigiani E.Marchigiani, Elen

New human milk fortifiers for the preterm infant

Given its unique nutritional and functional advantages, human milk (HM) should be considered as the first choice for the nutrition of all infants, including preterm newborns. Since its protein, mineral and energy contents are not suitable to meet the high needs of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants, HM should be fortified for these components. Fortification of HM is an important nutritional intervention in order to provide appropriate nutritional intake and appropriate growth. The standard fortification strategy has yielded inadequate protein intakes, resulting in slower growth as compared to preterm formulas. Improvement of outcomes depends on new fortification strategies, considering the large variability of HM composition. Individualized fortification, either targeted or adjustable, has been shown to be effective and practical in attaining adequate protein intakes and growth.<br />Most commercially available multi-nutrient fortifiers and protein concentrates are derived from bovine milk (BM), which has a protein composition very different from that of HM. The use of BM proteins has been recently questioned for possible association with intestinal inflammation in VLBW infants. Recently, one HM-based fortifier was shown to be associated with lower necrotizing enterocolitis rates and lower mortality in extremely premature infants, compared to BM-based products. Other milk sources are currently under evaluation: a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial, coordinated by the Neonatal Unit of the University of Turin in collaboration with the Italian National Research Council of Turin and the University of Cagliari, is being carried out to evaluate the adequacy of fortifiers derived from donkey milk for the nutrition of preterm infants

Modeling and Managing Urban Growth at the Rural-Urban Fringe: A Parcel-Level Model of Residential Land Use Change

As many local and state governments in the United States grapple with increasing growth pressures, the need to understand the economic and institutional factors underlying these pressures has taken on added urgency. From an economic perspective, individual land use decisions play a central role in the manifestation of growth pressures, as changes in land use pattern are the cumulative result of numerous individual decisions regarding the use of lands. In this study, the issue of growth management is addressed by developing a spatially disaggregated, microeconomic model of land conversion decisions suitable for describing residential land use change at the rural-urban fringe. The model employs parcel-level data on land use in Calvert County, Maryland, a rapidly growing rural-urban fringe county. A probabilistic model of residential land use change is estimated using a duration model, and the parameter estimates are employed to simulate possible future growth scenarios under alternative growth management scenarios. Results suggest that "smart growth" objectives are best met when policies aimed at concentrating growth in target areas are implemented in tandem with policies designed to preserve rural or open space lands.Land Economics/Use,

Responsabilità ex art. 2049 c.c. e obbligo di sicurezza nella fattispecie del distacco

Nel presente elaborato, a commento della pronuncia della Corte di Cassazione n. 1574/18, si esaminano i confini della responsabilità oggettiva dei “padroni” e dei “committenti” ex art. 2049 c.c. e della responsabilità in ambito prevenzionistico, con particolare riguardo alla fattispecie del distacco. In this paper, commenting on the Supreme Court decision no. 1574/18, will be studied the confinement about the objective responsability of the “bosses” and the” principals” under article 2049 c.c. and about the responsability on health and safety at work, with particular regard to the secondment of staff

New perspectives in human milk banks

Mother’s own milk (MOM) is the first choice in preterm infant feeding, and when it is not available or is insufficient, donor human milk (DHM) is recommended. It has been shown that feeding preterm infants with human milk is less related to major morbidities, enhances feeding tolerance and prevents metabolic syndrome in childhood. As The Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) states, specific guidelines for Human Milk Banks (HMB) are needed to guarantee the best possible compromise between microbiological safety and nutritional/biological quality of human milk (HM). Currently, Holder pasteurization (HoP: pasteurization process at 62.5-63°C for 30 minutes) is recommended by all international guidelines: this method inactivates bacterial and viral pathogens but it also affects some nutritional and biological properties of human milk. New methods to ameliorate the biological quality and safety of DHM are under investigation in the last years. High Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non- thermal process used in food industries: this technology inactivates pathogenic microorganisms by applying hydrostatic high pressure, however further researches are required before applying this technology in milk banking. Ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C) is another non-thermal method capable of reducing vegetative bacteria in human milk and it also seems to preserve higher levels of immunological proteins than HoP. High-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST: flash pasteurization, 72°C for 5-15 seconds) currently is available only at industrial level, but it could represent an alternative to HoP seeming to maintain the protein profile and some of the key active components of DHM. Further researches are needed to define the optimal treatment of DHM.   Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Neonatology and Satellite Meetings · Cagliari (Italy) · October 26th-31st, 2015 · From the womb to the adult Guest Editors: Vassilios Fanos (Cagliari, Italy), Michele Mussap (Genoa, Italy), Antonio Del Vecchio (Bari, Italy), Bo Sun (Shanghai, China), Dorret I. Boomsma (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Gavino Faa (Cagliari, Italy), Antonio Giordano (Philadelphia, USA

Esophageal Bolus Transit in Newborns with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms: A Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate bolus transit during esophageal swallow (ES) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) events and to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of ES and GER events in a population of term and preterm newborns with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: The study population consisted of term and preterm newborns referred to combined multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) and pH monitoring for GERD symptoms. The frequency and characteristics of ES and GER events were assessed by two independent investigators. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Fifty-four newborns (23 preterm) were included in the analyses. Median bolus head advancing time corrected for esophageal length (BHATc) was shorter during mealtime than during the postprandial period (median, interquartile range): 0.20 (0.15-0.29) s/cm vs. 0.47 (0.39-0.64) s/cm, p<0.001. Median bolus presence time (BPT) was prolonged during mealtime: 4.71(3.49-6.27) s vs. 2.66 (1.82-3.73) s, p<0.001. Higher BHATc (p=0.03) and prolonged BPT (p<0.001) were observed in preterm newborns during the postprandial period. A significant positive correlation between BHATc and bolus clearance time was also observed (ρ=0.33, p=0.016). CONCLUSION: The analysis of ES and GER events at the same time by MII provides useful information to better understand the physiopathology of GERD. In particular, the analysis of BHATc during the postprandial period could help clinicians identify newborns with prolonged esophageal clearance time due to impaired esophageal motility, which could allow for more accurate recommendations regarding further tests and treatment

IL LICENZIAMENTO NULLO.

Questo elaborato approfondirà le specifiche ipotesi di licenziamento nullo: il licenziamento discriminatorio, quello intimato in periodi contigui al matrimonio o per ragioni di maternità o per richiesta/fruibilità dei congedi parentali, per motivo illecito o per ritorsione, nonché per licenziamento orale e tutti gli altri casi indicati dalla legge. Sono casi in cui è totalmente assente il potere, del datore di lavoro, di licenziare e ai quali continua ad applicarsi la tutela reale piena così come prevista dall'originario articolo 18 dello Statuto dei lavoratori. Sarà, inoltre, ricostruito il percorso evolutivo dell'imprescindibile disciplina giuridica del licenziamento: dall'avvento della Costituzione fino alla recente riforma Fornero, con un breve e limitato richiamo al Jobs Act

Controllo a distanza dei lavoratori e diritto alla riservatezza

La presente ricerca affronta un tema oggi assai centrale, che fornisce una rappresentazione plastica degli effetti del progresso tecnologico nel rapporto di lavoro, in cui può (soprav)vivere talvolta una normativa anacronistica, non in linea con il contesto attuale: è il caso dell’art. 4 St. lav. che disciplina i controlli a distanza dei lavoratori e che ha resistito fino a ieri immutata dagli anni ’70. Esso è stato, infatti, integralmente emendato dall’art. 23 del d.lgs. 14 settembre 2015, n. 151, nell’ambito dei provvedimenti che compongono il c.d. Jobs Act, intervenuto su tre distinti fronti: in primo luogo, sopprimendo il divieto assoluto dell’"uso di impianti audiovisivi e di altre apparecchiature per finalità di controllo a distanza dell’attività dei lavoratori”; in secondo luogo, modificando significativamente la seconda parte dell’art. 4, la quale – nella formulazione ante riforma – individuava condizioni e modalità per l’installazione di impianti e apparecchi dai quali potesse derivare “anche la possibilità di controllo” a distanza dell’attività dei lavoratori; in terzo luogo, introducendo un rinvio esplicito alla normativa in materia di privacy. Con tale scelta, il legislatore ha palesato la sua volontà di assoggettare i controlli a limiti specifici finalizzati a tutelare la riservatezza del dipendente, escludendone dunque la piena liberalizzazione. Al tempo stesso, però, la varietà di mezzi e interpretazioni evidenzia quanto la tematica sia complessa e residuino significative incertezze, nonostante la novella legislativa sia nata anche con finalità di chiarezza su tali. La reale portata della norma sarà, in buona parte, definita dall’opzione interpretativa: una lettura più elastica del dato testuale, difatti, avrà un effetto più inclusivo rispetto a possibili modalità di controllo; di contro, una interpretazione più rigorosa determinerà una minor tolleranza dell’ordinamento rispetto a forme “atipiche” di controllo.This research deals with a very central theme today, which provides a plastic representation of the effects of technological progress in the employment relationship, in which an anachronistic legislation may sometimes survive, not in line with the current context: this is the case of art. 4 St. lav. which governs remote controls of workers and which has remained unchanged since the 1970s until yesterday. It was, in fact, fully amended by art. 23 of Legislative Decree 14 September 2015, n. 151, as part of the provisions that make up the so-called Jobs Act, which intervened on three distinct fronts: first, by abolishing the absolute ban on the "use of audiovisual systems and other equipment for remote control of workers' activities"; secondly, by significantly modifying the second part 4, which - in the pre-reform formulation - identified conditions and methods for the installation of systems and appliances from which "the possibility of remote control" of workers' activity could derive; thirdly, by introducing an explicit reference to the legislation on privacy. With this choice, the legislator has revealed its will to subject controls to specific limits aimed at protecting the confidentiality of the employee, thus excluding full liberalization. At the same time, however, the variety of means and interpretations highlights how the issue is complex and significant uncertainties remain, despite the new legislative was also born with the purpose of clarity on these. The real scope of the rule will, in large part, be defined by the interpretative option: a more elastic reading of the textual data, in fact, will have a more inclusive effect than possible control methods; on the other hand, a more rigorous interpretation will result in a lower tolerance of the legal system with respect to "atypical" forms of control

&quot;Delirium Day&quot;: A nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool

Background: To date, delirium prevalence in adult acute hospital populations has been estimated generally from pooled findings of single-center studies and/or among specific patient populations. Furthermore, the number of participants in these studies has not exceeded a few hundred. To overcome these limitations, we have determined, in a multicenter study, the prevalence of delirium over a single day among a large population of patients admitted to acute and rehabilitation hospital wards in Italy. Methods: This is a point prevalence study (called "Delirium Day") including 1867 older patients (aged 65 years or more) across 108 acute and 12 rehabilitation wards in Italian hospitals. Delirium was assessed on the same day in all patients using the 4AT, a validated and briefly administered tool which does not require training. We also collected data regarding motoric subtypes of delirium, functional and nutritional status, dementia, comorbidity, medications, feeding tubes, peripheral venous and urinary catheters, and physical restraints. Results: The mean sample age was 82.0 ± 7.5 years (58 % female). Overall, 429 patients (22.9 %) had delirium. Hypoactive was the commonest subtype (132/344 patients, 38.5 %), followed by mixed, hyperactive, and nonmotoric delirium. The prevalence was highest in Neurology (28.5 %) and Geriatrics (24.7 %), lowest in Rehabilitation (14.0 %), and intermediate in Orthopedic (20.6 %) and Internal Medicine wards (21.4 %). In a multivariable logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05), Activities of Daily Living dependence (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.12-1.27), dementia (OR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.41-4.38), malnutrition (OR 2.01, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), and use of antipsychotics (OR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.45-2.82), feeding tubes (OR 2.51, 95 % CI 1.11-5.66), peripheral venous catheters (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.06-1.87), urinary catheters (OR 1.73, 95 % CI 1.30-2.29), and physical restraints (OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.40-2.40) were associated with delirium. Admission to Neurology wards was also associated with delirium (OR 2.00, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), while admission to other settings was not. Conclusions: Delirium occurred in more than one out of five patients in acute and rehabilitation hospital wards. Prevalence was highest in Neurology and lowest in Rehabilitation divisions. The "Delirium Day" project might become a useful method to assess delirium across hospital settings and a benchmarking platform for future surveys