Cooling of 2 kW H subscript 2-O subscript 2 fuel cell

An extensive research and development program has been carried out to devise an improved method of removing waste heat of reaction from a developmental 2 kW hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell

Pond Water Quality in a Claypan Soil

In many areas of the Midwestern United States, a safe and plentiful supply of groundwater is a primary concern. Groundwater is sporadic, unreliable, shallow, and often polluted, even though these same areas often have an annual rainfall in excess of 1 m. The pollution problems associated with these groundwater supplies are both chemical and bacterial. Older wells are often the most dangerous. Linings made of open brick near the surface, cracked casings and covers, and nearby privy, septic tank, and barnyard sites accentuate the problems in shallow groundwater aquifers. High levels of nitrates frequently present in the shallow domestic well water of Illinois were recognized as a health problem by Weart (1948). A preliminary study by Smith et al. (1970) in Washington County, Illinois, of 213 dug wells (2.1-9.2 m deep), 31 drilled wells, and 72 farm ponds showed that water from 73.4 percent of the dug wells exceeded the U.S. Public Health Standard of 10 mg/1 nitrate nitrogen. Only 19.3 percent of the drilled wells exceeded the standard for safe drinking water. All the ponds sampled were found to be well below the U.S. Public Health Standard for nitrate content. Pryor (1956) has reported that because of the geology of the area groundwater supplies in most of Washington County, Illinois, are inadequate. The geologic situation makes successful drilled wells almost nonexistent. Existing low-quality and low-yielding wells are being supplemented by cisterns, transported water, and some ponds. An economic analysis of farm water supplies in Washington County by Moore (1972) revealed that present well water systems are the least costly available, but the quality and quantity make most of these sources unreliable. Alternatives considered by Moore included farm ponds, municipal water supplies, transported water, and various combinations of these potential sources. Moore concluded that farm ponds with a treatment system could be one of the more satisfactory sources of water provided storage is available to meet demands during a prolonged drought. The data reported by Smith et al. ( 19 7 0) concerning nitrate levels in Washington County ponds were from samples collected during late spring. Hill et al. (1962) reported an average maximum level of 3.1 mg/1 of nitrate nitrogen occurred in 14 Ohio ponds with a mean value of 0.17 mg/1. Hill also reported that maximum values for some chemical parameters occurred during early spring months. The authors felt that ponds in Washington County could potentially exceed the public health limit for nitrate because contamination could occur from the same sources causing widespread groundwater contamination. Also, it was felt that differences in watershed types could influence the quality of pond water. Pryor (1956), Smith (1970), and Moore (1972) have shown that Washington County needs an alternate water supply to existing low-quality wells. A project was initiated in December 1970 to determine seasonal and monthly fluctuations of several water quality parameters in farm ponds having different watershed types. Additionally, the premise that Washington County farm ponds could provide water of acceptable quality to repace existing low-quality wells was considered

Coupling Between An Optical Phonon and the Kondo Effect

We explore the ultra-fast optical response of Yb_{14}MnSb_{11}, providing further evidence that this Zintl compound is the first ferromagnetic, under-screened Kondo lattice. These experiments also provide the first demonstration of coupling between an optical phonon mode and the Kondo effect.Comment: 4 Pages, 3 Figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Comment on "Correlation between Compact Radio Lout Quasars and Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays"

In a recent paper, Farrar and Biermann argue that there is a strong correlation between the direction of the five highest-energy cosmic-ray events and compact, radio-loud quasars. This Comment shows that this analysis contains several inconsistencies and errors so that the significance of any such correlation is certainly greatly overestimated and perhaps nonexistent.Comment: 2 pages, REVTE

Possible Signature of Low Scale Gravity in Ultra High Enegry Cosmic Rays

We show that the existence of low scale gravity at TeV scale could lead to a direct production of photons with energies above 10^22 eV due to annihilation of ultra high energy neutrinos on relic massive neutrinos of the galactic halo. Air showers initialized in the terrestrial atmosphere by these ultra energetic photons could be collected in near future by the new generation of cosmic ray experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

BL Lacertae are probable sources of the observed ultra-high energy cosmic rays

We calculate angular correlation function between ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) observed by Yakutsk and AGASA experiments, and most powerful BL Lacertae objects. We find significant correlations which correspond to the probability of statistical fluctuation less than $10^{-4}$, including penatly for selecting the subset of brightest BL Lacs. We conclude that some of BL Lacs are sources of the observed UHECR and present a list of most probable candidates.Comment: Replaced with the version accepted for publication in JETP Let

Effect of magnetic order on the superfluid response of single-crystal ErNi2_{2}B2_{2}C: A penetration depth study

We report measurements of the in-plane magnetic penetration depth $\Delta \lambda$(T) in single crystals of ErNi$_{2}$B$_{2}$C down to $\sim$0.1 K using a tunnel-diode based, self-inductive technique at 21 MHz. We observe four features: (1) a slight dip in $\Delta \lambda$(T) at the N$\acute{e}$el temperature $T_{N}$ = 6.0 K, (2) a peak at $T_{WFM}$ = 2.3 K, where a weak ferromagnetic component sets in, (3) another maximum at 0.45 K, and (4) a final broad drop down to 0.1 K. Converting to superfluid density $\rho_{s}$, we see that the antiferromagnetic order at 6 K only slightly depresses superconductivity. We seek to explain some of the above features in the context of antiferromagnetic superconductors, where competition between the antiferromagnetic molecular field and spin fluctuation scattering determines increased or decreased pairbreaking. Superfluid density data show only a slight decrease in pair density in the vicinity of the 2.3 K feature, thus supporting other evidences against bulk ferromagnetism in this temperature range.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure