Training Law Enforcement in Mental Health: A Broad-Based Model

Police officers respond to many calls involving people suffering from a mental illness; yet many law enforcement training programs and workshops do not include mental health training. A literature review was conducted to explore the problems resulting from the lack of mental health training available for law enforcement officers and identify specialized training programs currently being implemented to address those problems. The review identified several program models being implemented throughout the United States including: Joint Police/Mental Health Team Model, Mobile Crisis Unit Model, Crisis Intervention Team Model, and the Broad-Based Training Model. These models include empirically supported components used to increase learning and decrease stigma and result in significantly reduced arrest rates of the mentally ill and increase the safety of interactions between law enforcement and the mental health community. A broad-based training seminar was presented to volunteers from local policing agencies. A pre- and post-test analysis revealed significant positive changes in attitude, behavior, and improved knowledge of mental health issues as a result of the training. The limitations of the current research and the future implications in regard to the safety of law enforcement and the safety of those affected by mental illness are discussed

Culture and Passionate Love

For more than 4,000 years, poets and storytellers have sung of the delights and sufferings of love and lust. This chapter reviews what scholars from various disciplines have discovered about the nature of passionate love and sexual desire. Anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have assumed that passionate love is a cultural universal. Cultural researchers, historians, and social psychologists have emphasized the stunning diversity in the way passionate love and sexual desire have been viewed and experienced. Culture, ethnicity and the rules passed down by political and religious authorities have a profound impact on the way people think about and act out love and sex. Marriage for love and sex for pleasure have always been deeply threatening to political and religious leaders who have feared the individualistic implications of permissive approaches to romance and passion. Individualism and personal choice are seen as the enemies of order and authority; such freedom are deemed heretical, sinful, dangerous, and an invitation to chaos, selfishness, and anarchy. The fight over the rules governing love, marriage, divorce, and sex stands as one of history’s central and most powerful themes. Today, however, in the era of widespread travel, global capitalism, and the World Wide Web, many of these traditional cross-cultural differences seem to be disappearing. Authority is giving way nearly everywhere to increased freedom, particularly in the personal realm, in the world of passion. Is the erosion of traditional authority and strict personal rules really happening—and if so what does that portend for personal and societal futures

Effects of Outboard Thickened and Blunted Leading Edges on the Wave Drag of a 45 Degree Swept-Wing and Body Combination

An investigation to evaluate the effects of thickened and blunted leading-edge modifications on the wave drag of a swept wing has been made at Mach numbers from 0.65 to 2.20 and at a Reynolds number of 2,580,000 based on the mean aerodynamic chord of the basic wing. Two leading-edge designs were investigated and they are referred to as the thickened and the blunted modifications although both sections had equally large leading-edge radii. The thickened leading edge was formed by increasing the thickness over the forward 40 percent of the basic wing section. The blunted modification was formed by reducing the wing chords about 1 percent and by increasing the section thickness slightly over the forward 6 percent of the basic section in a manner to keep the wing sweep and volume essentially equal to the respective values for the basic wing. The basic wing had an aspect ratio of 3, a leading-edge sweep of 45 deg., a taper ratio of 0.4, and NACA 64AO06 sections perpendicular to a line swept back 39.45 deg., the quarter-chord line of these sections. Test results indicated that the thickened modification resulted in an increase in zero-lift drag coefficient of from 0.0040 to 0.0060 over values for the basic model at Mach numbers at which the wing leading edge was sonic or supersonic. Although drag coefficients of both the basic and thickened models were reduced at all test Mach numbers by body indentations designed for the range of Mach numbers from 1.00 to 2.00, the greater drag of the thickened model relative to that of the basic model was not reduced. The blunted model, however, had less than one quarter of the drag penalty of the thickened model relative to the basic model at supersonic leading-edge conditions (M greater or equal to root-2)

Investigation at Mach Numbers of 0.20 to 3.50 of a Blended Diamond Wing and Body Combination of Sonic Design but with Low Wave-Drag Increase with Increasing Mach Number

A diamond wing and body combination was designed to have an area distribution which would result in near optimum zero-lift wave-drag coefficients at a Mach number of 1.00, and decreasing wave-drag coefficient with increasing Mach number up to near sonic leading-edge conditions for the wing. The airfoil section were computed by varying their shape along with the body radii (blending process) to match the selected area distribution and the given plan form. The exposed wing section had an average maximum thickness of about 3 percent of the local chords, and the maximum thickness of the center-line chord was 5.49 percent. The wing had an aspect ratio of 2 and a leading-edge sweep of 45 deg. Test data were obtained throughout the Mach number range from 0.20 to 3.50 at Reynolds numbers based on the mean aerodynamic chord of roughly 6,000,000 to 9,000,000. The zero-lift wave-drag coefficients of the diamond model satisfied the design objectives and were equal to the low values for the Mach number 1.00 equivalent body up to the limit of the transonic tests. From the peak drag coefficient near M = 1.00 there was a gradual decrease in wave-drag coefficient up to M = 1.20. Above sonic leading-edge conditions of the wing there was a rise in the wave-drag coefficient which was attributed in part to the body contouring as well as to the wing geometry. The diamond model had good lift characteristics, in spite of the prediction from low-aspect-ratio theory that the rear half of the diamond wing would carry little lift. The experimental lift-curve slope obtained at supersonic speeds were equal to or greater than the values predicted by linear theory. Similarly the other basic aerodynamic parameters, aerodynamic center position, and maximum lift-drag ratios were satisfactorily predicted at supersonic speeds

Factor Structure and Validity of the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale: Results from the 1972 Psychology Today Survey

In 1972, the first major national study on body image was conducted under the auspices of Psychology Today. Body image was assessed with the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale, which examined the dissatisfaction people experienced with 24 aspects of their bodies. Despite the continued reliance on this scale and reference to the study, data on the factor structure of this measure in a sample of adults have never been published, and citations of the original scale have relied on an unpublished manuscript (Bohrnstedt, 1977). An exploratory factor analysis conducted on 2,013 adults revealed factors for men (Face, Sex Organ, Height, Lower Body, Mid Torso, Upper Torso, Height) and women (Face, Sex Organ, Height, Lower Torso, Mid Torso, Extremities, Breast). The factors were weakly to moderately intercorrelated, suggesting the scale can be analyzed by items, by subscales, or by total score. People who reported more dissatisfaction with their body also tended to report lower self-esteem and less comfort interacting with members of the other sex. The analyses provide a useful comparison point for researchers looking to examine gender differences in dissatisfaction with specific aspects of the body, as well as the factor structures linking these items

Modelos relacionais e conflito trabalho-família: um estudo com amostras do Brasil e Estados Unidos da América

Attachment theory seeks to understand how emotional bonds can affect different aspects of people’s lives across the continuum of life. This study aimed at comprehending how patterns of anxious and avoidant attachment explain two dimensions of the work-family conflict construct, work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). To achieve this, data were collected through a survey with samples from Brazil and the United States of America. The sample included 676 people older than 18 years old - 369 participants were from Brazil and 307 were from the USA. Results demonstrated that the anxious pattern of attachment relates to and predicts both dimensions of the work-family conflict. On the other hand, avoidant attachment was an explanatory variable only for participants from the United States. These results accentuate scientific investigation of attachments constructs’ importance and its interactions within work and family demands.La teoría del apego busca entender cómo los lazos emocionales pueden afectar diferentes aspectos de la vida de las personas a través del continuo de la vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender cómo los patrones de estilos de apego ansiosos y evasivos explican las dimensiones de conflictos trabajo-familia: interferencia de trabajo con la familia (ITF) e interferencia familiar con el trabajo (IFT). Para lograr esto, los datos fueron recolectados a través de dos cuestionarios con muestras de Brasil y de los Estados Unidos de América. La muestra incluyó a 676 personas mayores de 18 años, 369 de Brasil y 307 de EUA. Los resultados demostraron que el estilo de ansioso se relaciona y predice ambas dimensiones del conflicto trabajo-familia. Por su parte, el estilo evitativo fue predictivo solo para participantes de los EUA. Estos resultados acentúan la importancia de la investigación de los estilos de apego y sus interacciones con las demandas de trabajo y familia.A teoria do apego procura compreender como os vínculos emocionais podem afetar os diferentes aspectos da vida das pessoas ao longo do ciclo de vida. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como os padrões de estilos de apego ansioso e evitativo explicam as duas dimensões do construto conflito trabalho-família, isto é, como o trabalho interfere na família (TIF) e como a família interfere no trabalho (FIT). Para a realização do estudo foram recolhidas informações através de um questionário com amostras de respondentes do Brasil e Estados Unidos da América. A amostra contou com 676 pessoas com idade superior a 18 anos, 369 delas do Brasil e 307 dos EUA. Os resultados demonstraram que o estilo de apego ansioso se se relaciona e previne ambas as dimensões do conflito trabalho-família. Por outro lado, o apego evitativo foi uma variável explicativa somente nos participantes dos EUA. Os resultados realçam a importância da investigação acerca dos estilos de apego e das suas relações com processos de interação família-trabalho

Antecipação do conflito trabalho-família em estudantes universitários brasileiros: Medida e relacionamento com apego e sucesso de carreira

Career development and work-family conflict are two areas of research with extreme theoretical and practical relevance, especially when focusing on job and non-job related life dimensions. With the intent to contribute to this debate, especially to career counseling practices with young adults, the present study investigated how the perception of interactions between roles and demands that arise from these two dimensions – family and work – influence university students’ perceptions of career success. The study was structured in two parts: 1) adaptation of a measure that evaluates work-family conflict anticipation in university students in the Brazilian context; and 2) proposal of a model to evaluate the anticipation of the work-family conflict construct and its relation with the variables success perception, career adaptability and attachment styles. Participants were 424 students enrolled in different majors of public and private institutions from a state in Southeast Brazil, who answered a survey. The results point to a psychological measure with favorable indicators of validity and precision for the evaluation of the work-family conflict anticipation dimensions. Additionally, the proposed model shows that career adaptability dimensions are positive predictors of career success, while insecure attachment dimensions are negative predictors.O desenvolvimento de carreira e o conflito trabalho-família são duas áreas de pesquisa de relevância teórica e prática, especialmente quando o assunto em pauta são dimensões de vida trabalho e não trabalho. Para contribuir para a prática de aconselhamento de carreira de jovens adultos, o presente artigo investigou como a percepção sobre as interações dos papeis e exigências advindas desses dois âmbitos – família e trabalho – influenciam a percepção de sucesso na carreira universitária. O presente artigo foi estruturado em duas partes: 1) adaptação para o Brasil de uma medida que avalia a antecipação do conflito trabalho-família em universitários; e 2) avaliação do construto de antecipação do conflito trabalho-família a partir das variáveis percepção de sucesso, adaptabilidade de carreira e estilos de apego. Participaram da pesquisa 424 estudantes de diferentes cursos de instituições de ensino públicas e privadas de um estado no Sudeste brasileiro que responderam um questionário de pesquisa. Os resultados da primeira parte do estudo apontaram uma medida psicológica com evidências favoráveis de validade e precisão para avaliação das dimensões da antecipação do conflito entre família e trabalho. Adicionalmente, na segunda parte, demonstrou-se que as dimensões de adaptabilidade de carreira são preditoras positivas de sucesso de carreira, enquanto dimensões de apego inseguro são preditoras negativas do mesmo