Using the Extended Parallel Process Model in World Studies:On Health Behaviors A Systematic Review

زمینه و اهداف: اثر بخشی برنامه‌های آموزش بهداشت به میزان زیادی بستگی به استفاده صحیح از نظریه‌ها و الگوهای موجود دارد، با توجه به این که یکی از الگوهاي مؤثر در آموزش بهداشت، الگوی فرایند موازي گسترده می‌باشد و این که این الگو دارای سازه‌های تاثیرگذاری در مطالعات مربوط به رفتارهای بهداشتی بوده است، از این رو، مطالعه حاضر با رویکردی نظام‌مند به بررسی کاربرد الگوی فرایند موازی گسترده در مطالعات مرتبط با رفتارهای بهداشتی می‌پردازد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این بررسی از پایگاه‌های خارجی Scoups، Springer، Google Scholar، Science Direct و پایگاه‌های ایرانی شامل ایران مدکس، SID، Magiran استفاده شد. کلمات کلیدی مورد استفاده در جستجوها، الگوی فرآیند موازی گسترده و الگوی فرآیند موازی توسعه یافته بود. همچنین در کلیه مراحل پژوهش موازین اخلاقی رعایت شد و هیچگونه سوگیری و دخل و تصرفی از جانب محقق در مراحل انجام پژوهش صورت نگرفت. یافته‌ها: تعداد 25 مقاله انگلیسی و فارسی یافت شد که 22 مطالعه، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طبق یافته‌ها در مطالعات مداخله‌ای انجام شده، با بکارگیری تمام سازه‌های الگوی فرآیند موازی گسترده، به خصوص سازه خودکارآمدی درک شده، اثربخشی آموزش افزایش یافته و در مطالعات مقطعی، تمام سازه‌ها بویژه خودکارآمدی درک شده و حساسیت درک شده و شدت درک شده، پیش‌ بینی کننده‌های مهمی برای رفتار و قصد رفتار بوده‌اند. نتیجه‌ گیری: نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد الگوی فرایند موازی گسترده در پیشگیری و کنترل بسیاری از رفتارهای پرخطر، پیش از آنکه فرد با عامل خطر مواجهه شود، موثر می‌باشد.Background and Aims: The effectiveness of health education programs depends to a large extent on the correct use of existing theories and models. Extended Parallel Process Model is considered as one of the effective models in health education having influential structures in studies on health behaviours.Therefore, the present study set out to study the use of Extended Parallel Process Model in health related behaviours through a systematic approach.Materials and methods: Scoups, Springer, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Iranian databases including Iran Medes, SID, Magiran, etc were all considered in this study. Extended parallel process and Developed parallel process were used as two keywords in the searches. There were 25 papers in English and Persian,22 of which were studied. Ethical issues were considered in all stages of the research, and there was no bias and confinement on the part of the researcher.Results: The findings of this study showed that through the use of all the structures of the parallel process model, especially the perceived self-efficacy construct, the effectiveness of training has been increased in conducted interventional studies. In cross-sectional studies, on the other hand, all structures, especiallyperceived self-efficacy and sensitivity of perception as well as perceived severity have been important predictors for intention and behaviour.Conclusion: Our results revealed that Extended parallel process model can be used to prevent and controlmany risky behaviours before the subject exposed to risk factors

The Frequency and Intensity of Job Burnout and Its Determinants in First Level Healthcare Employees in Islamabad- e Gharb in 2015

Background: Job burnout is a syndrome that occurs in response to long-term stress in workplace and declines job satisfaction and motivation in employees. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and intensity of job burnout and its determinants among the first level healthcare employees in Islamabad- e Gharb city. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 136 employees of health care centers of Islamabad- e Gharb in 2015 were selected through census method and based on inclusion criteria. The data collection tool was the Maslach burnout inventory that is a valid and reliable tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive Statistics, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests and through SPSS 16 software. Results: The frequency of job burnout was mild in 47.8% of employees and moderate in 52.2% of them. The intensity of job burnout was mild in 25.7%, moderate in 73.5% and severe in 0.7% of participants. The frequency and intensity of job burnout showed no significant relation with age, sex, marital status, work experience, level of education, smoking, service location and the type of employment (P>0.05). Conclusion: Most employees had moderate and low levels of job burnout. Management strategies are necessary in order to prevent and reduce job burnout. Paying attention to the needs of staff such as increase in salary and benefits and job promotion is recommended. Keywords: Job burnout, Comprehensive health services centers, Health hous

The Effect of a Web-based Educational Program on Perevention of Hookah Smoking among Adolescent Girls: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: The prevalence of hookah is increasing worldwide and in all age groups, especially among women. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of web-based educational program in the prevention of hookah smoking among girls in Kermanshah, Iran, using theory of planned behavior (TPB).Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial performed on 110 adolescent girls in Kermanshah City in 2020. Multistage random sampling was used in this study. The data collection tool included a researcher made questionnaire. Designed intervention was implemented for the intervention group in 5 educational sessions according to analysis of pre-test results. Data were collected 3 months after the end of the training intervention. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software.Findings: The presented interventions significantly improved the structures of attitude (P < 0.001), subjective norms (P < 0.001), and intention (P < 0.001) in the intervention group compared with the control group. However, the difference between perceived behavioral control score in the two groups was not significant (P = 0.131). There was also a significant difference in reducing the behavior of hookah smoking between the intervention and control groups after the educational intervention.Conclusion: Using web-based interventions is a good educational strategy for prevention of hookah smoking in adolescent girls

Investigating the relationship between domestic violence with substance abuse and suicide resilience in mothers with disabled children

IntroductionMothers with disabled children are among the most critical groups exposed to domestic violence. Although domestic violence strongly affects these mothers’ physical and mental health, it subsequently affects their drug addiction and resilience to suicide. Based on this, it is crucial to investigate domestic violence, drug addiction, and resilience against suicide in mothers with disabled children. This study investigated the relationship between domestic violence, substance dependence, and resilience against suicide in mothers with disabled children in Iranian society.MethodsFrom January to April 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted in central and western Iran with the participation of 267 mothers with disabled children. The mothers of disabled children were selected through convenience and snowball sampling. Then they completed questionnaires included domestic violence, substance dependence and resilience against suicide. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 with descriptive statistics, such as prevalence, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and expository measurements, including ANOVA, independent t, and regression tests.ResultsThe study revealed that there was a strong direct correlation between domestic violence and substance abuse (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001), as well as a strong indirect correlation between domestic violence and suicide resilience (r = −0.90, p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, substance abuse and suicide resilience were negatively correlated (r = −0.93, p &lt; 0.001). Other variables, such as the severity of children’s disability, education, financial status, and the fathers’ involvement, were predictors of domestic violence, accounting for 73.28% of the variance.ConclusionMothers with disabled children reported moderate levels of domestic violence, which strongly impacts their physical and mental well-being, leading to drug dependency and suicide. So, it is essential to implement comprehensive planning and provide extensive support to reduce domestic violence against them. By doing so, we can enhance their physical and mental health and ultimately improve their overall quality of life

The effect of interventions to prevent and reduce hookah smoking: A systematic review

Introduction The prevalence of hookah smoking in Iran, especially among adolescents, is increasing. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of interventions to prevent and reduce hookah smoking using a systematic review. Methods In this study, all articles published up to April 2021 in both Persian and English in the field of interventions to prevent and reduce hookah smoking were reviewed. These studies were conducted based on the databases of the country’s publications (Magiran). According to the Cochrane search strategy, Iranian Medical Articles Database (Iran Medex) and Scientific Database (SID), Database in Scopus, PubMed, ISI Embase, and Science Direct databases, were searched. Two researchers independently selected studies based on inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using EPHPP. Results Out of 4170 studies, 21 of those consistent with the research criteria were selected and carefully examined in the present study. The results showed that out of 20 studies that were reviewed, 19 studies showed that after completing the educational interventions, the prevalence of hookah smoking in the intervention group decreased compared to the control group. Also, the present study's findings showed that educational interventions with content about the side effects of hookah smoking comparing the pathogenicity of hookah and smoking and showing its addictive intensity could improve structures such as a positive attitude to hookah smoking. Conclusions Considering the effect of various interventions and the use of patterns and theories of health education can be very helpful in changing and modifying some factors affecting the tendency to hookah smoking

Executive and hierarchical models for participatory response to health emergencies in the workplace: Lessons from COVID-19

Introduction: Workplaces are high-risk environments for epidemic transmission, and the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significant impacts that health emergencies can have on both the healthcare system and the economy. This study presents executive and hierarchical models for participatory response to health emergencies in the workplace, with a focus on COVID-19. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. Content analysis of interviews with 101 stakeholders and national documents was used to identify key themes and dimensions for an executive model. A focus group discussion and review of international documents were then used to refine and expand the executive and hierarchical models. The alignment and trustworthiness of the final models, as well as feedback, were gathered from 117 informants working in various workplaces. Results: The executive model highlighted that context understanding, management commitment, and participation play critical roles in developing tailored prevention and response plans, and adequate support is necessary for successful plan implementation. Monitoring and review processes should be established to ensure proper functioning. The hierarchical model emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts from various stakeholders to effectively implement pandemic prevention and participatory response plans. Conclusion: Overall, the executive and hierarchical participatory models presented in this study provide a framework for effectively controlling pandemics and other health emergencies in the workplace, enhancing both health resilience and the sustainability of economic activities

Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Summary Background The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities