"I Should Be Pregnant So Many Times By Now": Risk Perception, Numeracy, and Young Women's Contraceptive Use

Conception is probabilistic: any instance of sexual intercourse without contraception may lead to a pregnancy, but whether any one instance of sex results in pregnancy is a matter of chance. The underlying probability of conceiving is not easily inferred from either outcome, and judgments about risk require fairly sophisticated quantitative reasoning skills (numeracy) that many Americans adults do not have. Still, women’s deliberations about risk may be tremendously important for their subsequent behavior. In this dissertation, I consider the impact of risk perception and health numeracy on young women’s contraceptive use. I use data from the Relationship Dynamics & Social Life study, a longitudinal survey of women aged 18/19 living in a Michigan county. RDSL data include weekly measurement of sex, contraception, pregnancy desire, and pregnancies, and quarterly measurement of women’s estimates of their pregnancy risk. The first empirical chapter finds evidence of a reciprocal relationship between women’s pregnancy risk estimates and their actual experiences with sex, contraception, and pregnancy. I find that women’s pregnancy risk estimates tend to decrease over time. Women who avoid pregnancy despite having sex without contraception tend to revise their estimates of pregnancy risk downward; in turn, lower estimates of pregnancy risk predict sex without contraception in later weeks. The second empirical chapter examines a competing set of risk perceptions: women’s concerns about side effects and other long-term health consequences of hormonal contraception. Sex without contraception is more likely and more frequent among women expressing greater concerns about side effects. Side effect concerns predict less use of the contraceptive pill/patch/ring, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and contraceptive implants, and more reliance on non-hormonal methods such as condoms and withdrawal. The final empirical chapter considers whether low numeracy is related to ineffective contraceptive use. In this analysis, I categorize women as low, medium, or high numeracy based on the logical consistency of their answers to survey items about the risk of pregnancy. Numeracy is not associated with women’s sexual behavior, but it does predict contraceptive use among sexually active women. Lower numeracy is associated with a higher likelihood and higher frequency of sex without contraception, more gaps in contraceptive use, and more switches to less effective contraceptive methods. Lower numeracy women also have lower odds of using the pill/patch/ring, IUD, and implant versus condoms as their primary method of contraception. Collectively, these analyses demonstrate that misunderstandings about the risk and probabilistic nature of pregnancy, concerns about contraceptive side effects, and poor numeracy are barriers to effective contraceptive use among young women who wish to avoid or delay pregnancy.PHDSociologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143977/1/ejela_1.pd

FP-11-05 Adoptive Parents in the U.S., 2007

Using the NSAP data, this Profile describes the parents of adopted children in the U.S

FP-11-06 Adoption Motivations Among U.S. Parents

Using the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP), this Family Profile describes the adoption motivations of approximately 1.8 million adopted children’s parents in the U.S

Pengaruh Minat Belajar dan Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika

THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNING INTEREST AND STUDENT LEARNING DISCIPLINES ON MATHEMATICS LEARNING RESULTSThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of interest in learning (X1) on mathematics learning outcomes (Y), read the impact of student learning discipline (X2) on mathematics learning outcomes (Y), and investigate the effect of learning interest (X1) and learning discipline (X2) together on mathematics learning outcomes (Y). The research method used is quantitative with an ex post facto survey strategy. The sample size was 42 respondents selected by proportional random sampling technique from students of SD Negeri Ciseureuh and SD Negeri Loji Batulawang cluster, Cipanas sub-district, Cianjur district. This research will be implemented in the even semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. The instrument validity test uses the Person Product Moment correlation formula, and the reliability test uses the Cronbach Alpha formula. Test the data analysis requirements using normality and homogeneity tests. The results showed a positive and very significant relationship with a moderate strength of the relationship (r = 0.750 p 0.01) between the X1 variable and the Y variable. There was a positive and very significant relationship with a moderate relationship strength (r = 0.643 p 0 0.01) between variables X2 and variable Y. There is a positive and very significant relationship with moderate strength (r = 0.805 p 0.01) between variables X1 and X2 together with variable

Contraceptive Desert? Black-White Differences in Characteristics of Nearby Pharmacies

Objectives: Race differences in contraceptive use and in geographic access to pharmacies are well established. We explore race differences in characteristics of nearby pharmacies that are likely to facilitate (or not) contraceptive purchase. Study design: We conducted analyses with two geocode-linked datasets: (1) the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) project, a study of a random sample of 1003 women ages 18-19 living in a county in Michigan in 2008-09; and (2) the Community Pharmacy Survey, which collected data on 82 pharmacies in the county in which the RDSL study was conducted. Results: Although young African-American women tend to live closer to pharmacies than their white counterparts (1.2 miles to the nearest pharmacy for African Americans vs. 2.1 miles for whites), those pharmacies tend to be independent pharmacies (59 vs. 16%) that are open fewer hours per week (64.6 vs. 77.8) and have fewer female pharmacists (17 vs. 50%), fewer patient brochures on contraception (2 vs. 5%), more difficult access to condoms (49% vs. 85% on the shelf instead of behind glass, behind the counter, or not available), and fewer self-check-out options (3 vs. 9%). More African-American than white women live near African-American pharmacists (8 vs. 3%). These race differences are regardless of poverty, measured by the receipt of public assistance. Conclusions: Relative to white women, African-American women may face a contraception desert, wherein they live nearer to pharmacies, but those pharmacies have characteristics that may impede the purchase of contraception

Integrating agriculture and health research for development: LCIRAH as an interdisciplinary programme to address a global challenge.

The multiple burdens of persistent undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, along with the rapidly growing rates of overweight, obesity, and associated chronic diseases, are major challenges globally. The role of agriculture and the food system in meeting these challenges is very poorly understood. Achieving food security and addressing malnutrition in all its forms, a Sustainable Development Goal, requires an understanding of how changing food systems affect health outcomes and the development of new tools to design and evaluate interventions. An interinstitutional programme to address this interdisciplinary research challenge is described. Over the past seven years, the Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health has built a portfolio of successful and innovative research, trained a new cadre of interdisciplinary researchers in “Agri‐Health,” and built an international research community with a particular focus on strengthening research capacity in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The evolution of this programme is described, and key factors contributing to its success are discussed that may be of general value in designing interdisciplinary research programmes directed at supporting global development goals

The Assembled Genome of the Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

BACKGROUND: We report the creation and evaluation of a de novo assembly of the genome of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, the most widely used model of human cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The genome is assembled from long read sequencing (PacBio HiFi and continuous long read data [CLR]) and scaffolded with long-range structural information obtained from Bionano optical maps and proximity ligation sequencing proximity analysis of the genome. The genome assembly was polished with Illumina short reads. Completeness of the assembly was investigated using Benchmarking Universal Single Copy Orthologs analysis. The genome assembly was also evaluated with the rat reference gene set, using NCBI automated protocols. We also generated orthogonal single molecule transcript sequence reads (Iso-Seq) from 8 tissues and used them to validate the coding assembly, to annotate the assembly with RNA transcripts representing unique full length transcript isoforms for each gene and to determine whether divergences between RefSeq sequences and the assembly were attributable to assembly errors or polymorphisms. RESULTS: The assembly analysis indicates that this assembly is comparable in contiguity and completeness to the current rat reference assembly, while the use of HiFi sequencing yields an assembly that is more correct at the single base level. Synteny analysis was performed to uncover the extent of synteny and the presence and distribution of chromosomal rearrangements between the reference and this assembly. CONCLUSION: The resulting genome assembly is reference quality and captures significant structural variation

Fanny Copeland and the geographical imagination

Raised in Scotland, married and divorced in the English south, an adopted Slovene, Fanny Copeland (1872 – 1970) occupied the intersection of a number of complex spatial and temporal conjunctures. A Slavophile, she played a part in the formation of what subsequently became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that emerged from the First World War. Living in Ljubljana, she facilitated the first ‘foreign visit’ (in 1932) of the newly formed Le Play Society (a precursor of the Institute of British Geographers) and guided its studies of Solčava (a then ‘remote’ Alpine valley system) which, led by Dudley Stamp and commended by Halford Mackinder, were subsequently hailed as a model for regional studies elsewhere. Arrested by the Gestapo and interned in Italy during the Second World War, she eventually returned to a socialist Yugoslavia, a celebrated figure. An accomplished musician, linguist, and mountaineer, she became an authority on (and populist for) the Julian Alps and was instrumental in the establishment of the Triglav National Park. Copeland’s role as participant observer (and protagonist) enriches our understanding of the particularities of her time and place and illuminates some inter-war relationships within G/geography, inside and outside the academy, suggesting their relative autonomy in the production of geographical knowledge