ANTIBACTERIAL & ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIALITY OF RICINUS COMMUNIS & COLEUS FORSKOHLII ON SOME HUMAN PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

The objective of the present study was to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of two plant extracts (Ricinus communis & Coleus forskohlii) against some selected pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus

Biohydrogen Production by Modified Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) Using Mixed Bacterial Cultures in Thermophilic Condition

Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with slight modifications was investigated to increase biohydrogen production at high temperature. The modifications include a decrease in the total liquid volume to 3.3 L, in addition to an external work in the form of high temperatures, high dilution rates and high rates of de-gassed effluent recycling. These modifications were applied to overcome the thermodynamic constrains preventing the simultaneous achievement of high hydrogen yield (HY) and hydrogen productivity (HP) in an (AFBR). Bacterial granulation successfully induced under a high temperature of 65oC. The bacterial granules consisted of a multispecies bacterial consortium comprised of thermophilic clostridial and enterobacter species. Hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 7.57 L H2/L/h and hydrogen yield of 5.82 mol H2/ mol glucose were achieved at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h and effluent recycle rate of 3.6 L/ min, with V/F er equal to 0.9

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Bioethanol Production by Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Different Lignocellulosic Materials

Ethanol from biomass is an attractive and sustainable energy source for transportation fuel to substitute gasoline. Second generation ethanol production utilizes cheaper and non-food feed stocks like lignocelluloses or municipal solid waste. This, could make ethanol more competitive to fossil fuels. The aim of the present study is the production of low cost ethanol using the agro wastes like tomato waste and wheat straw and make a comparison between the efficiency of free and immobilized yeast cells in calcium alginate beads with microwave-assisted acidic pretreatment of the lignocellulosic materials. We have investigated the efficiency of immobilization technique for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate which isolated from yogurt. This isolate was identified according to morphological and biochemical characterization tests. Microwave-assisted acidic pretreatment was performed for both wheat straw and tomato waste and show high improvement (45%) in glucose sugar amount compared with conventional mode of heating of dilute 7% HCl or 5% H2SO4 hydrolysis. Calcium alginate was used as immobilization matrix for S. cerevisiae. The best calcium alginate concentration was 3% and 4 % for reference and isolated yeast respectively. The immobilization technique gave higher ethanol yield compared with free system for tomato waste but lower yield with wheat straw. The maximum amount of ethanol (641mg/g) produced  by free cells  when used pretreated straw with microwave-assisted 5%H2SO4 hydrolysis and (543.5 mg/g) for tomato waste using immobilized cells with microwave-assisted 7%HCl hydrolysis

Production of Bioethanol from Olive Solid Waste "JEFT"

Olive solid residue (JEFT) is the solid waste generated during olive oil production process in three-phase olive mills. It consists of the remaining pulp of olive processing after the extraction of oil, as well as the cracked seeds of the olive fruits. As a lignocellulosic material, the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin are the main components of olive stone. The present study standardized production of ethanol from olive solid wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. S. cerevisiae isolated from yogurt, grape and sugarcane. These isolates were identified according to morphological and biochemical characterization tests. The alcohol tolerance test indicated that S. cerevisiae tolerated up to 10% of ethanol in the medium. Optimization of culture conditions such as pH and temperature of yeast isolates was did. 10g JEFT subjected to hydrolysis to sugar by different concentrations of diluted sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Among acid treatment, the maximum amount of reducing sugar was 312 mg/dl obtained by 5% HCl. Using combined microwave-acid treatment with 5% HCl followed by incubation at 90°C in shaker water path for 3 hours resulted in higher amount of reducing sugars reached up to 389 mg/dl. pH 4.5 and 30°C temperature for 72 hours were the optimum fermentation conditions. The maximum observed amount of ethanol production by using JEFT hydrolysate was (9.3 g/l). When compared with hydrolysis with conventional heating by dilute 5% HCl, the microwave assisted 5% HCl process improved the yield of ethanol by 33.3%

عزل ,تشخيص و التعرف الكيموحيوي و الوراثي لبادئات اللبن

Background: Milk is a healthy human nutrient, which is fermented to yogurt by lactic acid bacteria, mainly Streptococcus salivarius ssp, thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus . This study aimed to isolate thermophilic starter bacteria from homemade yogurt made in Gaza Strip. The study sought to define both the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the isolated bacteria. Results: Three of the isolates were identified as Streptococcus thermophiles while two isolates were recognized as Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. All five identified isolates showed worthy acidification capacity. Based on these characters, strains were applied for making yogurt either as single pure cultures or as mixed cultures. When using mixed cultures from S. thermophiles and L. bulgaricus , all tested combinations showed positive results. Conclusion: Isolated strains showed remarkable biotechnological characters. The isolates are expected to stimulate and improve quality of the yogurt when they are used as mixed starter cultures.Background: Milk is a healthy human nutrient, which is fermented to yogurt by lactic acid bacteria, mainly Streptococcus salivarius ssp, thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus . This study aimed to isolate thermophilic starter bacteria from homemade yogurt made in Gaza Strip. The study sought to define both the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the isolated bacteria. Results: Three of the isolates were identified as Streptococcus thermophiles while two isolates were recognized as Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. All five identified isolates showed worthy acidification capacity. Based on these characters, strains were applied for making yogurt either as single pure cultures or as mixed cultures. When using mixed cultures from S. thermophiles and L. bulgaricus , all tested combinations showed positive results. Conclusion: Isolated strains showed remarkable biotechnological characters. The isolates are expected to stimulate and improve quality of the yogurt when they are used as mixed starter cultures

تنمية خميرة الخبز على عصير الصبار وتحديد الرقم الهيدروجيني ودرجة الحرارة المناسبين للنمو

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the using of Cactus opuntia cladodes (COC) extract medium for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's Yeast, BY), and to optimize pH and temperature values of the growth. Methodology: The study design was a comparative study. The control media were both potatoes dextrose (PD) agar (PDA) and broth (PDB). The Opuntia plant aged 1-2 years was obtained from a farm located in the border of Jabalia Refugee Camp. The crude COC extract was diluted to 50% before using as experimental medium for BY. The preactivated BY sample was diluted to 10-7 before use. Experiments were carried out on both surface and submerged cultures. SPSS system was used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results showed that the BY can grow well and proliferate in COC extract (50% dilution) where the average specific growth rate () was about 0.17 h-. Similar to the growth of the BY on PDB medium, optimum pH and optimum temperature values for the yeast growth in the extract medium were 4.0 and 30 0 C, respectively. It was also found that average yeast dry weight which was produced in COC extract was about 41.3 g/L, while an equal quantity of PDB produced about 54.1 g/L at the same conditions. Moreover, the results showed that 1000g fresh weight of COC produced 62.0 g of BY. As a conclusion, COC extract could be used for production of BY at pH 4.0 and 30 0 C.الهدف: تهدف الدراسة لتقييم استخدام عصير الصبار في نمو فطر خميرة الخبز, وتحديد الرقم الهيدروجيني ودرجة الحرارة المناسبين لنموها. المواد والطرق: أثناء الدراسة تم مقارنة استخدام عصير الصبار (كوسط غذائي تجريبي) مع وسط قياسي يسمى جلوكوز البطاطس (كوسط غذائي ضابط) في نمو فطرة خميرة الخبز. يبلغ عمر الصبار المستخدم في التجارب من عام على عامين, وحصلنا عليه من مزرعة خاصة تقع على حدود مخيم جباليا شمال قطاع غزة. وتم تخفيف عصير الصبار الخام إلي 50% قبل استخدامه في عملية نمو فطر الخميرة, وخفف فطر الخميرة المنشط إلي واحد من عشرة ملاين قبل زراعتها في الأوساط الغذائية المذكورة في الحالة الصلبة أو السائلة منها. واستخدم برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية (SPSS) للتحليل بيانات الدراسة. النتائج: تبين إثناء الدراسة أن خميرة الخبز تنمو و تتكاثر جيداً على عصير الصبار الخام, فكان متوسط النمو النوعي لها هو 0.17 للساعة, وأن أنسب درجة حرارة ورقم هيدروجيني لنموها هما 30 درجة مئوية و 4.5 على التوالي , وكل لتر من عصير الصبار أنتج حوالي 41.3 جراماً من فطر الخميرة, بينما كل لتر من الوسط القياسي الضابط أنتج 54.1 جراماً من الفطر تحت نفس الظروف البيئية المذكورة, وأن كل كيلوجرام من الصبار أنتج 62.0 جراماً من الفطر

Hydrogen gas production by combined systems of Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU 001 and Halobacterium salinarum in a photobioreactor

Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 is a photosynthetic non-sulfur bacterium which produces hydrogen from organic compounds under anaerobic conditions. Halobacterium salinarum is an archaeon and lives under extremely halophilic conditions (4 M NaCl). H. salinarum contains a retinal protein bacteriorhodopsin in its purple membrane which acts as a light-driven proton pump. In this study the Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 culture was combined with different amounts of packed cells of H. salinarum S9 or isolated purple membrane fragments in order to increase the photofermentative hydrogen gas production. The packed cells of H. salinarum have the ability to pump protons upon illumination due to the presence of bacteriorhodopsin. The proton gradient produced may be used for the formation of ATP or protons may be used for H2 production by R. sphaeroides. Similar to intact cells purple membrane

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

Background: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit