Das Argument der Tierwahrnehmung als Schlüssel in der Debatte um begriffliche Wahrnehmung

Der Beitrag soll den Weg ebnen für die Weiterentwicklung der Debatte um begrifflichen Wahrnehmungsgehalt. Es wird gezeigt, dass das laut Christopher Peacocke wichtigste Argument gegen begriffliche Wahrnehmungstheorien, das Argument der Tierwahrnehmung, der Schlüssel für eine Analyse der Debatten zwischen Konzeptualisten und Nicht-Konzeptualisten ist. Durch diese Analyse wird eine neue Perspektive eröffnet, die dringend benötigte Fortschritte für Theorien sinnlicher Wahrnehmung ermöglicht

Valuable and pernicious collective intellectual self-trust1

Recent years have seen a shift in epistemological studies of intellectual self-trust or epistemic self-trust: intellectual self-trust is not merely epistemologists’ tool for silencing epistemic skepticism or doubt, it is recognized as a disposition of individuals and collectives interesting in its own rights. In this exploratory article I focus on a particular type of intellectual self-trust—collective intellectual self-trust—and I examine which features make for valuable or pernicious collective intellectual self-trust. From accounts of the value of individual intellectual self-trust I take three frameworks for evaluating collective intellectual self-trust: an epistemically consequentialist, a virtue-theoretic and a prudential/pragmatic framework (§2). Then I introduce collective intellectual self-trust (§3). Against this background I explain what is distinctive of valuable collective intellectual self-trust (§4) and pernicious collective intellectual self-trust (§5) within the three frameworks. I close by discussing the relation between the three frameworks and argue that evaluating intellectual self-trust requires a multi-perspectival approach constituted by the three frameworks

First Steps in an Epistemology of Collective Intellectual Self-Trust

When one looks at the extensive literature on collectivity in philosophy, it may seem that every item in the family of collective states, traits and entities has been examined, but one crucial state has largely been left out of focus: collective intellectual self-trust. In this article I propose a novel conception of collective intellectual self-trust and explain the role of collective intellectual self-trust in groups. I start with a short overview of individual intellectual self-trust, then I introduce what kinds of groups are capable of having collective intellectual self-trust. Against this background I develop the constituents of collective intellectual self-trust. Then I turn to the differences between warranted and unwarranted collective intellectual self-trust and their function in different groups. I close by discussing an objection about the acquisition of collective intellectual self-trust. These are first steps in an epistemology of collective intellectual self-trust that aim to provide the ground for further work in this field

The concept of ownership in the formation of the I Islamic city

This research concentrates mainly on the inhabited tissue in the urban fabric of the traditional Islamic Cities. It researches mainly the design and construction of the housing plots and places in between like yards, courtyards, streets, and markets known collectively as Al -Amer. It explores the hypothesis that this was built mainly by the decisions of the common people and enabled by principle of ownership. The objective is to complement previous studies that have tended to focus more on the great buildings of Islamic society such as Mosques, mausolea, madrasas, and khans erected by famous caliphs and sultans to memorialise their reigns and places in history. In contrast to this approach, this study examines the general urban infrastructure and architecture utilised by the common people in their everyday lives.The research is divided into four parts. The first centres on the Islamic City - its beginning, informal development, and general planning. The entire process of urbanisation or city building is examined with emphasis on the role of community decision -making and leadership formation. Thus, the rules of construction and informal urban design start to emerge as the process is explored in some depth.The second part is about land ownership as a major factor in the formation of the urban fabric of the city known as AlAmer. This covers such aspects as the methods utilised for awarding of building plots to individuals to carry out their houses through "vitalisation" known as Ihya `a and direct allocation known as Iqta'a.The third part covers the built -up area of the inhabited urban fabric. In this regard it includes an analysis of the houses, markets, shops and other outbuildings and the spaces that separate and connect them. A great variety of interstitial shapes emerge as a direct result of applying principles and interpretations of principles of Ihya'a, Iqta'a, Hareem and Darar. These "forces / rules" have traditionally been applied to both residential and non -residential structures as well as rights -of -way, dimensions of streets, sight lines, house designs, Hareem, Darar, and other significant concerns of urban Muslims. In a sense it creates an Urban policy with guidelines accumulated through time forming the conventions which led finally to making micro plans through a community process in programming and developing the housing model giving at the end the unique coherent structure of the traditional medieval Islamic city.The fourth part covers some other aspects of property ownership as they relate to the dynamic growth, territorial changes and the overall development of the city giving it its rich pattern of shapes and spaces and great visual interest

Epistemische Ungerechtigkeit in bildungswissenschaftlichen Kontexten: Einführende Überlegungen

In der Erkenntnistheorie ist der Begriff der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit ein recht neuer Begriff für Phänomene, bei denen Diversität in ungerechten Gesellschaften zu epistemischen Defiziten und epistemischer Benachteiligung von Personen führt. Mit dem Begriff „epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten“ werden dann Zusammenhänge erfasst, in denen nicht alle Personen den gleichen Zugang zu Wissen, Wissensproduktion, Wissenserwerb, Wissensverteilung etc. haben. In diesem Beitrag wende ich die Konzeption epistemischer Ungerechtigkeit auf bildungswissenschaftliche Kontexte an und zeige damit, dass diese Konzeption auch außerhalb der traditionellen philosophischen Debatten theoretisch und gesellschaftlich relevante Einsichten produziert. Dieser Beitrag lädt dazu ein, diese Verbindungen in bildungswissenschaftlichen Kontexten weiter zu reflektieren und für die Bildungswissenschaften produktiv zu machen

Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten in und durch Algorithmen – ein Überblick

Die Erkenntnis, dass Algorithmen diskriminieren, benachteiligen und ausschließen, ist mittlerweile weit verbreitet und anerkannt. Programme zur Verwendung im predictive policing, zur Berechnung von Rückfälligkeitswahrscheinlichkeiten bei Straftäter:innen oder zur automatischen Gesichtserkennung diskriminieren vor allem gegen nicht-Weiße Menschen. Im Zuge dieser Erkenntnis wird auch vereinzelt die Verbindung zu epistemischer Ungerechtigkeit hergestellt, wobei die meisten Beiträge die Verbindungen zwischen Algorithmen und epistemischer Ungerechtigkeit nicht im Detail analysieren. Dieser Artikel unternimmt einen Versuch, diese Lücke in der Literatur zu verkleinern. Dabei umreiße ich zunächst das Feld der Algorithmen, um so die Entitäten, die epistemisch ungerecht sein könnten, klar zu fassen und zu unterscheiden. Dann erläutere ich eine Auswahl von epistemischen Ungerechtigkeiten, die für die Analyse von ungerechten Algorithmen relevant sind. Schließlich führe ich epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten und Algorithmen zusammen und zeige anhand von drei Beispielen – automatische Geschlechtserkennung, Googles Suchmaschinen-Algorithmus, PredPol (predictive policing) – dass Algorithmen an testimonialer Ungerechtigkeit und hermeneutischer Ungerechtigkeit beteiligt sind. Sie tragen so zudem auf verschiedenen Ebenen zur Exklusion von marginalisierten Gruppen bei

EPQ Model with Imperfect Quality Raw Material

MSC 2010: 26A33, 33E12, 33C60, 44A20The classical economic production model (EPQ) has been extended in many directions to incorporate factors encountered in real-life situations. In this paper, an EPQ model that accounts for the cost of raw material needed for production is examined. It is assumed that the raw material acquired from the supplier contains a percentage of imperfect quality items. At the beginning of the inventory cycle, the raw material is received instantaneously, and a 100% screening process for detecting the imperfect quality items is conducted. Two different scenarios are considered. In the first, the imperfect quality items of the raw material are sold at a discounted price at the end of the screening period. In the second scenario, the imperfect quality items are kept in stock until the end of the inventory cycle and returned to the supplier when the next order is received

Epistemic Injustice and Collective Wrongdoing: Introduction to Special Issue

In this introduction to the special issue ‘Epistemic Injustice and Collective Wrongdoing,’ we show how the eight contributions examine the collective dimensions of epistemic injustice. First, we contextualize the articles within theories of epistemic injustice. Second, we provide an overview of the eight articles by highlighting three central topics addressed by them: i) the effects of epistemic injustice and collective wrongdoing, ii) the underlying epistemic structures in collective wrongdoing, unjust relations and unjust societies, and iii) the remedies and strategies of resistance to epistemic injustice. We close by pointing to connections and issues that may motivate further research

Optical remote sensing (Sentinel-3 OLCI) used to monitor dissolved organic carbon in the Lena River, Russia

In the past decades the Arctic has experienced stronger temperature increases than any other region globally. Shifts in hydrological regimes and accelerated permafrost thawing have been observed and are likely to increase mobilization of organic carbon and its transport through rivers into the Arctic Ocean. In order to better quantify changes to the carbon cycle, Arctic rivers such as the Lena River in Siberia need to be monitored closely. Since 2018, a sampling program provides frequent in situ observations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of the Lena River. Here, we utilize this ground truth dataset and aim to test the potential of frequent satellite observations to spatially and temporally complement and expand these observations. We explored all available overpasses (~3250) of the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on Sentinel-3 within the ice-free periods (May – October) for four years (2018 to 2021) to develop a new retrieval scheme to derive concentrations of DOC. OLCI observations with a spatial resolution of ~300 m were corrected for atmospheric effects using the Polymer algorithm. The results of this study show that using this new retrieval, remotely sensed DOC concentrations agree well with in situ DOC concentrations (MAPD=10.89%, RMSE=1.55 mg L−1, r²=0.92, n=489). The high revisit frequency and wide swath of OLCI allow it to capture the entire range of DOC concentrations and their seasonal variability. Estimated satellite-derived DOC export fluxes integrated over the ice-free periods of 2018 to 2021 show a high interannual variability and agree well with flux estimates from in situ data (RMSD=0.186 Tg C, MAPD=4.05%). In addition, 10-day OLCI composites covering the entire Lena River catchment revealed increasing DOC concentration and local sources of DOC along the Lena from south to north. We conclude that moderate resolution satellite imagers such as OLCI are very capable of observing DOC concentrations in large/wide rivers such as the Lena River despite the relatively coarse spatial resolution. The global coverage of remote sensing offers the expansion to more rivers in order to improve our understanding of the land-ocean carbon fluxes in a changing climate

Optical remote sensing (Sentinel-3 OLCI) used to monitor dissolved organic carbon in the Lena River, Russia

In the past decades the Arctic has experienced stronger temperature increases than any other region globally. Shifts in hydrological regimes and accelerated permafrost thawing have been observed and are likely to increase mobilization of organic carbon and its transport through rivers into the Arctic Ocean. In order to better quantify changes to the carbon cycle, Arctic rivers such as the Lena River in Siberia need to be monitored closely. Since 2018, a sampling program provides frequent in situ observations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of the Lena River. Here, we utilize this ground truth dataset and aim to test the potential of frequent satellite observations to spatially and temporally complement and expand these observations. We explored all available overpasses (~3250) of the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on Sentinel-3 within the ice-free periods (May – October) for four years (2018 to 2021) to develop a new retrieval scheme to derive concentrations of DOC. OLCI observations with a spatial resolution of ~300 m were corrected for atmospheric effects using the Polymer algorithm. The results of this study show that using this new retrieval, remotely sensed DOC concentrations agree well with in situ DOC concentrations (MAPD=10.89%, RMSE=1.55 mg L−1, r²=0.92, n=489). The high revisit frequency and wide swath of OLCI allow it to capture the entire range of DOC concentrations and their seasonal variability. Estimated satellite-derived DOC export fluxes integrated over the ice-free periods of 2018 to 2021 show a high interannual variability and agree well with flux estimates from in situ data (RMSD=0.186 Tg C, MAPD=4.05%). In addition, 10-day OLCI composites covering the entire Lena River catchment revealed increasing DOC concentration and local sources of DOC along the Lena from south to north. We conclude that moderate resolution satellite imagers such as OLCI are very capable of observing DOC concentrations in large/wide rivers such as the Lena River despite the relatively coarse spatial resolution. The global coverage of remote sensing offers the expansion to more rivers in order to improve our understanding of the land-ocean carbon fluxes in a changing climate