SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL PYRAZOLO[3,4-b]PYRIDINES AND THEIR SPIRO-HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES

The present work describes the synthesis of a novel series of heterocyclic moieties derived from 5-acetylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (1). The formation of chalcones (2a-d) was utilized to synthesize pyrazoline, isoxazoline and pyrimidine derivatives (3-10). Thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone (11, 17) were utilized to synthesize other new triazolethiones, thiadiazole and selenadiazole derivatives (11-19). Some new spiro derivatives (22-25) were synthesized by the reaction of chalcone (21) of 1 and isatine with hydrazines, hydroxyl amines and thiourea. Also, The reaction of 1 with cyanoacetyl hydrazine gave the hydrazide-hydrazone derivative 26, which was allowed to react with aromatic aldehydes and α-cyanocinnamonitrile to afford coumarine and substituted pyridine derivatives (28, 29). The structures of all the new compounds have been established on the basis of their analytical and spectral data. Twenty two of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi and most are found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with Chloramphenicol and Clotrimazol

Postural control and central motor pathway involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Dynamic posturographic and electrophysiologic studies

Background: Postural instability causes limitations in daily activities of diabetic patients. There is paucity of data regarding central motor pathway involvement in these patients and its relation to postural control.Aim: To evaluate postural control and centralmotor pathway involvement in type 2 diabetic patients. Subjects and methods: The study included 30 type 2 diabetic patients and 15 healthy, age and sexmatched control subjects. Both groups were subjected to physical and full neurological examination, in addition to electrophysiological study including peripheral conduction study and MEPs recorded fromthe feetmuscles.Total neuropathy scorewas calculated. In addition, dynamic posturographic tests were performed including sensory organization test and MCT.Results: Most of the dynamic posturographic parameters were significantly impaired in diabetic patient group. There were significant abnormalities inmost of the parameters of the peripheral conduction study of the patients compared to the controls.According to theTotal neuropathy score, 20 patients had peripheral neuropathy. In addition, there was significant prolongation of the leftCMCT, decreased leftMEP amplitude and increasedMEP resting motor threshold on both sides in the patients compared to the control group. Dynamic posturographic parameters showed correlation with most of the parameters of the peripheral conduction study and few of the MEP parameters. Logistic regression analysis showed peripheral neuropathy as the main factor implicated in postural instability in these patients. However, significant correlation was found between MEP amplitude and MCT composite score in patients without peripheral neuropathy.Conclusion: Although type 2 diabetic patients had prolonged CMCT, decreased amplitude and increased resting motor threshold of the MEP response, peripheral neuropathy was the main factor implicated in postural instability. However, the central motor pathway changes documented could be implicated as a possible cause.Keywords: Diabetic postural control; Central motor pathways; Diabetic neuropathy; Central motor conduction time; Motor evoked potentia

Improving Smart Irrigation Systems through Energy Efficient Cluster-Head Selection in Heterogeneous WSNs

Smart irrigation systems require reliable and energy-efficient communication between the sensors in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the control system. To address this challenge, this paper presents several cluster-based selection protocols, based on the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC). The presented protocols divide the agriculture field into sub-fields to reduce energy consumption between far sensors and the base station (BS). Comparison with traditional protocols using evaluation metrics such as network throughput, stability, instability period, and lifetime, shows that the presented protocols outperform in terms of all metrics. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in prolonging the network's lifetime and improving energy efficiency in heterogeneous WSNs, thus supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems

Improving Smart Irrigation Systems through Energy Efficient Cluster-Head Selection in Heterogeneous WSNs

Smart irrigation systems require reliable and energy-efficient communication between the sensors in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the control system. To address this challenge, this paper presents several cluster-based selection protocols, based on the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC). The presented protocols divide the agriculture field into sub-fields to reduce energy consumption between far sensors and the base station (BS). Comparison with traditional protocols using evaluation metrics such as network throughput, stability, instability period, and lifetime, shows that the presented protocols outperform in terms of all metrics. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in prolonging the network's lifetime and improving energy efficiency in heterogeneous WSNs, thus supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.Smart irrigation systems require reliable and energy-efficient communication between the sensors in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the control system. To address this challenge, this paper presents several cluster-based selection protocols, based on the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC). The presented protocols divide the agriculture field into sub-fields to reduce energy consumption between far sensors and the base station (BS). Comparison with traditional protocols using evaluation metrics such as network throughput, stability, instability period, and lifetime, shows that the presented protocols outperform in terms of all metrics. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols in prolonging the network's lifetime and improving energy efficiency in heterogeneous WSNs, thus supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems. Numerically, using the proposed protocols, the network lifetime increased by 23 % compared to conventional SEP

Synthesis and reactions of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-diacid hydrazides

1009-101

Improving anthropomorphic robot stability using advanced intelligent control interfaces

The article focused on the advanced intelligent control of the stability of anthropomorphic walking robots (AWRs), in order to validate a new and useful method of moving in the virtual environment, which determines a substantial increase in their stability. The obtained results lead to Versatile Intelligent Portable Robot Platform VIPRO, developed to improve the walking anthropomorphic robots’ performances, provide unlimited power for design, test, experiment the real time control methods by integrating the Intelligent Control Interfaces (ICIs) in robot modeling and simulation for all types of humanoid robots, rescue robots, firefighting robots

(E)-3,5-Dimethyl-1-p-tolyl-4-(p-tolyl­diazen­yl)-1H-pyrazole

There are two independent mol­ecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H20N4, in each of which the N=N double bond has an E conformation. The dihedral angles between the pyrazole ring and the p-tolyl rings in the 1- and 4-positions are 22.54 (8) and 35.73 (7)°, respectively, in mol­ecule A. The corresponding dihedral angles in mol­ecule B are 28.13 (8) and 22.18 (8)°. In the crystal, the A and B mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions, leading to inversion dimers in each case