”Everyone” is welcome here : excluding design at the station squares in Hyllie and Rosengård

Tiggeriförbud och visitationszoner är frågor som allt oftare debatteras i dagens samhälle. Samtidigt som kontrollen över våra offentliga rum blir allt strängare betonas vikten av en levande stadsmiljö. Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt hur två stationstorg i Malmö hanterar dessa motstridande tendenser, och kommit fram till att det resulterar i en design som är exkluderande för vissa grupper. Det är Malmö stad som, med hänsyn till både politiska ambitioner och ekonomiska intressen, fattar beslut kring hur vi ska utforma offentliga platser. För att förstå vad det är som övergripande styr gestaltningen av de offentliga utrymmena tar vi ett steg tillbaka och tittar på nyliberalismens framväxt i västvärlden i stort, samt hur den föranlett en maktförskjutning i styrningen av Sveriges städer. Idag är städernas vinst det huvudsakliga fokuset; därmed är huvudsyftet med dagens nyetablerade områden och förnyelseprojekt att locka till sig välbärgade invånare och nya investeringar. Maktförskjutningen som skett redogör vi för via Mouffes (2019) samt Tesfahuneys och Dahlstedts (2008) teori om postpolitik, som beskriver hur Malmö stad utvecklats sedan millennieskiftet - från att ha haft tydliga politiska mål gällande vem staden formades utefter, till att nu låta stadsplaneringen styras av breda och långsiktiga visioner som kräver tolkning av tjänstemän såsom landskapsarkitekter. Makten förskjuts därmed från politikerna; det är inte längre de som, i egenskap av representanter för medborgarna, bestämmer hur våra offentliga rum ska se ut. Eftersom det är allas demokratiska rätt att bruka de offentliga rummen är det folket som bör bestämma över deras utformning. Då sociala ojämlikheter alltjämt kommer existera i någon mån bör de offentliga utrymmena vara till största möjliga nytta för de som har det sämst ställt, dvs. de utan hem. Vår slutsats är tvärtemot att hemlösa idag exkluderas bort från Stadens offentliga rum, via fysiska element såsom bänkar man ej kan sova på. Ytterligare en slutsats vi kommer fram till är att våra offentliga utrymmen, de enda platserna som i regel inte ställer krav på medborgarnas konsumtion, allt oftare förvandlas till passager som leder besökaren till betalningsbelagda eller privatägda ytor. Torgens funktion förändras då från att inneha aktivitet till att leda bort den. Därmed påverkas inte bara hemlösa och fattiga, utan även medborgarna med bättre resurser - för levande stadsrum är något alla gynnas av.Begging bans and search zones are becoming increasingly active issues in the public debate. At the same time as the control of our public spaces becomes stricter, great emphasis is being placed on the living urban environment. We have in this essay examined how two station squares in Malmö are dealing with these conflicting trends in society, and have found that a consequence is the creation of a design that excludes certain groups. Both Malmö City's political ambitions and economic interests shape the public spaces of the city. To understand what greatly influences the design of public areas, we look back at the rise of neoliberalism in the Western world and how it has created a power shift in how Swedish cities are governed - now with a strong focus on profit. A focus that has made both the renewal of old areas and the development of new ones primarily aimed at attracting new investments and affluent people. The shifting power dynamics in urban planning is seen through the lens of post-politics, which describes how Malmö City has changed since the turn of the millennium - from having clear political goals regarding whom the city should be for, to being guided by broad long-term visions that officials, such as landscape architects, only can interpret freely. Power is thus shifted away from politicians; it is no longer them who, as representatives of the citizens, decide what our public spaces should look like. Since everyone has the democratic right to use public spaces, it is the people who should decide on their design. Considering how social inequality always will exist to some extent, the public space should be of the greatest possible benefit to the least well-off, i.e. those without a home. Our conclusion is, on the contrary, that the homeless today often are excluded from public places, e.g. via physical elements such as benches that cannot be slept on. Another reached conclusion is that our public spaces, the only places in the city that generally are free to reside in, increasingly often are turning into passages directing the citizen towards areas that make demands on consumption or are privately owned. The function of the city squares then changes; from holding activity to leading it away. Not only does this affect the homeless and poor, but also citizens with better resources - because living urban spaces are something everyone benefits from

A Comparison of Nuggets and Clusters for Evaluating Timeline Summaries

There is growing interest in systems that generate timeline summaries by filtering high-volume streams of documents to retain only those that are relevant to a particular event or topic. Continued advances in algorithms and techniques for this task depend on standardized and reproducible evaluation methodologies for comparing systems. However, timeline summary evaluation is still in its infancy, with competing methodologies currently being explored in international evaluation forums such as TREC. One area of active exploration is how to explicitly represent the units of information that should appear in a 'good' summary. Currently, there are two main approaches, one based on identifying nuggets in an external 'ground truth', and the other based on clustering system outputs. In this paper, by building test collections that have both nugget and cluster annotations, we are able to compare these two approaches. Specifically, we address questions related to evaluation effort, differences in the final evaluation products, and correlations between scores and rankings generated by both approaches. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of nuggets and clusters to offer recommendations for future system evaluation

Recommender systems fairness evaluation via generalized cross entropy

Fairness in recommender systems has been considered with respect to sensitive attributes of users (e.g., gender, race) or items (e.g., revenue in a multistakeholder setting). Regardless, the concept has been commonly interpreted as some form of equality – i.e., the degree to which the system is meeting the information needs of all its users in an equal sense. In this paper, we argue that fairness in recommender systems does not necessarily imply equality, but instead it should consider a distribution of resources based on merits and needs.We present a probabilistic framework based ongeneralized cross entropy to evaluate fairness of recommender systems under this perspective, wherewe showthat the proposed framework is flexible and explanatory by allowing to incorporate domain knowledge (through an ideal fair distribution) that can help to understand which item or user aspects a recommendation algorithm is over- or under-representing. Results on two real-world datasets show the merits of the proposed evaluation framework both in terms of user and item fairnessThis work was supported in part by the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval and in part by project TIN2016-80630-P (MINECO

Recommender Systems Notation

As the field of recommender systems has developed, authors have used a myriad of notations for describing the mathematical workings of recommendation algorithms. These notations appear in research papers, books, lecture notes, blog posts, and software documentation. The disciplinary diversity of the field has not contributed to consistency in notation; scholars whose home base is in information retrieval have different habits and expectations than those in machine learning or human-computer interaction. In the course of years of teaching and research on recommender systems, we have seen the value in adopting a consistent notation across our work. This has been particularly highlighted in our development of the Recommender Systems MOOC on Coursera (Konstan et al. 2015), as we need to explain a wide variety of algorithms and our learners are not well-served by changing notation between algorithms. In this paper, we describe the notation we have adopted in our work, along with its justification and some discussion of considered alternatives. We present this in hope that it will be useful to others writing and teaching about recommender systems. This notation has served us well for some time now, in research, online education, and traditional classroom instruction. We feel it is ready for broad use

Epidemiology of Injury in Women’s Super League Football: A Cohort Study

Introduction: The epidemiology of injury in male professional football has been well documented (Ekstrand, Hägglund, & Waldén, 2011) and used as a basis to understand injury trends for a number of years. The prevalence and incidence of injuries occurring in women’s super league football is unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of injury in an English Super League Women’s Football squad. Methods: Following ethical approval from Leeds Beckett University, players (n = 25) signed to a Women’s Super League Football club provided written informed consent to complete a self-administered injury survey. Measures of exposure, injury and performance over a 12-month period was gathered

Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf field by amateur football players

Abstract Background Data on the incidence, nature, severity and cause of match football injuries sustained on dirt field are scarce. The objectives of this study was to compare the incidence, nature, severity and cause of match injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf field by amateur male football players. Methods A prospective two-cohort design was employed. Participants were 252 male football players (mean age 27 years, range 18-43) in 14 teams who participated in a local championship carried on a dirt field and 216 male football players (mean age 28 years, range 17-40) in 12 teams who participated in a local championship carried on a artificial turf field in the same zone of the city. Injury definitions and recording procedures were compliant with the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies of injuries in football. Results The overall incidence of match injuries for men was 36.9 injuries/1000 player hours on dirt field and 19.5 on artificial turf (incidence rate ratio 1.88; 95% CI 1.19-3.05). Most common injured part on dirt field was ankle (26.7%) and on artificial turf was knee (24.3%). The most common injury type in the dirt field was skin injuries (abrasion and laceration) and in the artificial turf was sprain and ligament injury followed by haematoma/contusion/bruise. Most injuries were acute (artificial turf 89%, dirt field 91%) and resulted from player-to-player contact (artificial turf 59.2%, dirt field 51.4%). Most injuries were slight and minimal in dirt field cohort but in artificial turf cohort the most injuries were mild. Conclusions There were differences in the incidence and type of football match injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf.</p

A PREVIOUS HAMSTRING INJURY AFFECTS LIMB DOMINANCE IN SOCCER KICKING

The objective of this study was to study if the influence of limb dominance on kicking is affected by a previous hamstring injury to either limb. Forty-five players (26 females and 19 males) belonging to elite soccer teams volunteered to take part in the study. They performed 5 instep soccer kicks with either limb into a target 7m away. Differences were found across limb dominance for the uninjured group in peak linear velocities, hip flexion velocity, knee angle at ball impact, and hip moments. A previous injury prevented the rapid extension of the hamstring muscle fibres, being more predominant in the nondominant limb. Thus the effects of a previous hamstring injury must be taken into account while dealing with the kicking technique, and the location of the injury on the dominant or non-dominant limb is equally important