State Variables of the Arm May Be Encoded by Single Neuron Activity in the Monkey Motor Cortex

Revealing the type of information encoded by neurons activity in the motor cortex is essential not only for understanding the mechanism of motion control but also for developing a brain-machine interface. Thus far, the concept of preferred direction vector (PD) has dominated the discussion regarding how neural activity encodes information; however, a unified view of exactly what information is encoded has not yet been established. In the present study, a model was constructed to describe temporal neuron activity by a dot product of the PD and the movement variables vector consisting of joint torque and angular velocity. The plausibility of this model was tested by comparing estimated neural activity with that recorded from the monkey motor cortex, and it was found that this model was able to explain the temporal pattern of neuron activity irrespective of its passive responsiveness. The mean determination coefficients of neurons that responded to proprioceptive stimuli and that responded to visual stimuli were relatively high values of 0.57 and 0.58, respectively. These results suggest that neurons in the monkey motor cortex encode state variables of the arm in a framework of modern control theory and that this information could be decoded for controlling a brain-machine interface

Stability and Diversity in Collective Adaptation

We derive a class of macroscopic differential equations that describe collective adaptation, starting from a discrete-time stochastic microscopic model. The behavior of each agent is a dynamic balance between adaptation that locally achieves the best action and memory loss that leads to randomized behavior. We show that, although individual agents interact with their environment and other agents in a purely self-interested way, macroscopic behavior can be interpreted as game dynamics. Application to several familiar, explicit game interactions shows that the adaptation dynamics exhibits a diversity of collective behaviors. The simplicity of the assumptions underlying the macroscopic equations suggests that these behaviors should be expected broadly in collective adaptation. We also analyze the adaptation dynamics from an information-theoretic viewpoint and discuss self-organization induced by information flux between agents, giving a novel view of collective adaptation.Comment: 22 pages, 23 figures; updated references, corrected typos, changed conten

CASE STUDY OF THETICAL AND ANTITHETICAL ECONOMICS. TRANSITION OF ECONOMIC HEGEMONY

The author discusses in this paper how economic hegemony of the world changed from time to time, as part of a case study of “Thetical and Antithetical Economics proposed by Eizo Kinoshita, Reference 1”. The author insists that a law like mechanism functions concerning the rise of a nation to the role of economic hegemon, which is summarized as “the collapse of a bubble economy in a country would help itself emerge as a new economic hegemon,” and verifies it from a historical point of view

Proposition of Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line

In this paper, the author proposes a developed version of “Thetical and Antithetical Economics” (12)(14), a theory proposed earlier by himself. In doing so, he first defines the nature of “inflationary gap” and “deflationary gap,” respectively, followed by an in-depth analysis of “Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line,” by examining real-life examples in Japan, the United States and Germany during the first half of the 20th century. In the subsequent discussion of “Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line,” he clarifies how an “antithetical bubble” has been created. In the end, he goes on to give a thorough description of the true identity of “deflationary gap.

A PROPOSAL OF THETICAL ECONOMY AND ANTITHETICAL ECONOMY BY USING OPERATIONS RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

In this paper, the author Kinoshita proposes Thetical and Antithetical economies in macroeconomics by utilizing the technique of operations reserach (OR). The author also states the economy naturally goes through a bubble economic phase, followed by its bursting, when it moves from Thetical Economy to Antithetical Economy. Thus, the author analyzes and identifies how each of the four economic phases (Thetical Economy, bubble economy, the bursting of the bubble, Antithetical Economy) is to be formed. The author also believes that the two major economic events in the past, or the prolonged recession in Japan over the last 20 years, and the global downfall in stock prices triggered by the 2008 U.S. sub-prime loan crisis, which adversely affected general consumers, presented significant difficulties within the study of economics. It is the position of this paper that Japan's recession and the U.S. sub-prime loan crisis have revealed a new fundamental economis truth, in view of the fact that macroeconomics was born from the Great Depression, a prolonged slump that originated in the United States 80 years ago

A PROPOSAL OF THETICAL ECONOMY AND ANTITHETICAL ECONOMY BY USING OPERATIONS RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

In this paper, the author Kinoshita proposes Thetical and Antithetical economies in macroeconomics by utilizing the technique of operations reserach (OR). The author also states the economy naturally goes through a bubble economic phase, followed by its bursting, when it moves from Thetical Economy to Antithetical Economy. Thus, the author analyzes and identifies how each of the four economic phases (Thetical Economy, bubble economy, the bursting of the bubble, Antithetical Economy) is to be formed. The author also believes that the two major economic events in the past, or the prolonged recession in Japan over the last 20 years, and the global downfall in stock prices triggered by the 2008 U.S. sub-prime loan crisis, which adversely affected general consumers, presented significant difficulties within the study of economics. It is the position of this paper that Japan's recession and the U.S. sub-prime loan crisis have revealed a new fundamental economis truth, in view of the fact that macroeconomics was born from the Great Depression, a prolonged slump that originated in the United States 80 years ago

Studies on the Discharge Reaction in Liquid Air. I : On the Discharge Reaction Products

Applying high tension from an induction coil or from a transformer, discharge reactions in liquid air were studied. The reaction products were examined by vapor pressure method, that is, by comparing the vapour pressure curves of the products with those of the known compounds. The results varied with the kinds of high tension sources and were very different from those of other authors ; especially, the yield of ozone varied markedly with the current intensity and type of discharge. By raising the temperature after discharge, reactions and products were investigated. NO_2 or (NO_2)_2, nitrogen trioxide and N_2O_5 were ascertained. An explosion due to decomposition of ozone often occurred at about -100℃. The green coloured solid product was supposed to be a mixture of (NO_2)_2 and nitrogen trioxide. A higher oxide of nitrogen such as NO_3 was not obtained in the reaction