Non-conventional yeasts as tools for innovation and differentiation in brewing

En la elaboración de cerveza las levaduras cumplen un rol fundamental. Además de ser responsables de llevar a cabo la fermentación, generando principalmente etanol y dióxido de carbono, también son capaces de metabolizar y producir numerosos compuestos orgánicos que tienen un impacto determinante en el aroma y el sabor final de la cerveza. Las especies Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Saccharomyces pastorianus son utilizadas tradicionalmente para la producción de cervezas ale y lager, respectivamente. No obstante, el continuo crecimiento en el mercado de la cerveza artesanal y el aumento del interés y las exigencias de los consumidores han orientado los esfuerzos hacia la producción de cervezas diferenciales e innovadoras. En este punto, las levaduras no convencionales han cobrado gran protagonismo como herramientas para el desarrollo de nuevos productos. En el presente trabajo se describe y desarrolla la potencial aplicación en el sector cervecero de diferentes especies de levaduras no convencionales pertenecientes a los géneros Brettanomyces, Torulaspora, Lachancea, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia y Mrakia, entre otras, así como también levaduras del género Saccharomyces distintas a las levaduras cerveceras tradicionales. Se detallan las condiciones de fermentación de este tipo de levaduras y su capacidad de asimilar y metabolizar diferentes componentes del mosto y de aportar características particulares al producto final. Este trabajo provee el estado del arte sobre levaduras no convencionales, lo que resulta de gran relevancia para evaluar su aplicación en la producción de cervezas artesanales con características sensoriales diferenciales, cervezas bajas en calorías, cervezas sin alcohol y cervezas funcionales.Yeasts play a crucial role in brewing. During fermentation, besides ethanol and carbon dioxide, yeasts produce a considerable number of organic compounds, which are essential for beer flavor. In particular, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus are traditionally used in the production of ale and lager beers, respectively. Nowadays, the continuous growth of the craft beer market motivates the production of differential and innovative beers; leading specialists and brewers focus on non-conventional yeasts as tools for new product development. In this work, we describe the potential application of non-conventional yeast species such as those of the genera Brettanomyces, Torulaspora, Lachancea, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia and Mrakia in the craft brewing industry, as well as non-traditional brewing yeasts of the Saccharomyces genus. Furthermore, the fermentation conditions of these non-conventional yeasts are discussed, along with their abilities to assimilate and metabolize diverse wort components providing differential characteristics to the final product. In summary, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of non-conventional yeasts, which is highly relevant for their application in the production of novel craft beers including flavored beers, non-alcoholic beers, low-calorie beers and functional beers.Fil: Burini, Julieta Amalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Eizaguirre, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Loviso, Claudia Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Libkind Frati, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; Argentin

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica. Análisis de los primeros 30 casos de nuestra serie y revisión de la literatura

Objective: Our goal is to analyze the surgical and clinicopathological results of our first 30 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies (LPN) performed consecutively and correlate the results with the literature. Material and methods: This is a cases series, with 30 patients (20 men and 10 women) operated between 2006 and 2008. We assessed the clinicopathological factors and complications. The mean and median follow-up was 25 and 5 months. Results: Resected tumors had an average size of 2.4 cm. 60% of the tumors were malignant. The pathological stage was pT1 in 100% of cases (47% grade I, 53% Fuhrman grade II). Surgical margins were positive in 3 cases, switching to open surgery. Intraoperative bleeding was 74.66 cc (35.7±SD) and 70 cc of mean and median. The mean operative time was 214.4min (±69) and ischemia time of 31.3min (±13.8). Conclusions: Our results are similar to those reported in the literature, except for positive margins and conversion attributable to the learning curve

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica por metástasis metácrona. Experiencia en 12 casos

To assess the peroperative and oncological results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for an isolated metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted of 12 laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed for metastases out of a total of 40 adrenalectomies performed from May 1998 to April 2009. The primary tumor was pulmonary in 7 patients, renal in 3, and colonic in 2. Demographic data collected included median age, operating time, blood loss, complications, tumor size, and length of hospital stay. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival. RESULTS: Operating time was 150 min (range, 90-206). Peroperative bleeding was 60 ml (range, 15-150). Peroperative complications occurred in 3% of patients. Tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 1.3-8.5). No positive margins were seen in the resected specimens. Hospital stay was 3 days (range 3-5). Actuarial survival was 55.6% at 23 months (range, 2-38) with mean and median follow-up times of 20.9 and 23 months. CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients, laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastasis is a safe procedure with oncological results superimposable to those of open surgery

Natural Variation in Diauxic Shift between Patagonian Saccharomyces eubayanus Strains

The study of natural variation can untap novel alleles with immense value for biotechnological applications. Saccharomyces eubayanus Patagonian isolates exhibit differences in the diauxic shift between glucose and maltose, representing a suitable model to study their natural genetic variation for novel strains for brewing. However, little is known about the genetic variants and chromatin regulators responsible for these differences. Here, we show how genome-wide chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences underlie distinct diauxic shift profiles in S. eubayanus. We identified two strains with a rapid diauxic shift between glucose and maltose (CL467.1 and CBS12357) and one strain with a remarkably low fermentation efficiency and longer lag phase during diauxic shift (QC18). This is associated in the QC18 strain with lower transcriptional activity and chromatin accessibility of specific genes of maltose metabolism and higher expression levels of glucose transporters. These differences are governed by the HAP complex, which differentially regulates gene expression depending on the genetic background. We found in the QC18 strain a contrasting phenotype to those phenotypes described in S. cerevisiae, where hap4D, hap5D, and cin5D knockouts significantly improved the QC18 growth rate in the glucose-maltose shift. The most profound effects were found between CIN5 allelic variants, suggesting that Cin5p could strongly activate a repressor of the diauxic shift in the QC18 strain but not necessarily in the other strains. The differences between strains could originate from the tree host from which the strains were obtained, which might determine the sugar source preference and the brewing potential of the strain.Fil: Molinet, Jennifer. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Eizaguirre, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Quintrel, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Bellora, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Instituto de Tecnologías Nucleares para la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Villarroel, Carlos A.. Universidad de Talca; ChileFil: Villarreal, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Benavides Parra, José. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Nespolo, Roberto F.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Libkind Frati, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Cubillos, Francisco A.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chil

Respuesta y supervivencia libre de progresión en tumores vesicales en estadiosT2-T4 tratados con tratamiento trimodal de conservación vesical

Objective: Toevaluatetheresponseandthefree-survivalprogressioninpacientsdiagnosed of invasivebladdercancerwhohavebeentreatedwithtransurethralresection, chemotherapyandradiotherapy.Thismultimodaltreatmentiscomparedwithanot random serieofpatientstreatedbyradicalcistectomy. Material andmethods: Retrospectiveanalysisof43casesofinvasivebladdercancertreated with twoschemesofbladderpreservationbetween1994–2007.Theyarecomparedwith145 cases treatedwithradicalcistectomyinthesameperiodoftime. Pronosticvariablesincludedinthestudyareclinicalstage,gradeofdifferentiation, presence ofureteralobstruction,chemotherapymodality,radiotherapydosesandp53and ki-67 expression. Results: Meanandmediantimeare51and39monthsinpatientswithmultimodal treatment.Completeresponseisachievedin72%ofcasestreatedwithbladder preservation.Ureteralobstructionisaprognosticfactor(OR:7,3;p:0,02).72%patientswith complete responsemantainitattheendofthestudy.Noneofanalyzedvariablesare predictors ofmaintenanceoftheresponse. Survivalrateswithaintactbladderwere6977% and6177% atthreeandfiveyears. Radiotherapydosesgreaterthan60Gy(OR:6,1;po0,001) andtheabsenceofureteral obstruction (OR:7,5;po0,002) werepronosticvariables. Free-survivalinpatientswithcompleteresponsewas8077% and58710% atthreeand five years. At theendofthestudy,53,5%ofpatientshadaintactbladderandfree-disease. Inthesameperiodoftime,145radicalcistectomieswereperformedduetomuscleinvasive bladdercancer.Meanandmediantimeinthisgroupwere29and18monthsrespectively. Stadisticalanalysisrevealsaworseclinicalstageinthegroupofpatientstreatedwith multimodaltreatment(p:0.01). Free-survivalwas7275% and6377%at3and5yearsinthegroupofradical cistectomies.Therewasnotstadisticalsignificantdifferencesbetweencistectomiesand bladderpreservation. Conclusions: Patientstreatedwithbladderpreservationhaveafree-survivalsimilartothose tretedwithradicalcistectomy.Radiotherapy doses greaterthan60Gyandabsenceofureteral obstructionwerefree-survivalprognosticvariables

Edad del donante y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto

INTRODUCTION: In 2007 in Spain 43% of donors were older than 60 years. This produces a worse graft quality and probably a worse survival. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to analyze the influence of donor age on graft survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyze retrospectively 216 renal consecutive transplants realized between 2000 and 2008. A univaried and multivaried study (Cox regression) was performed and Kaplan-Meyer test with log rank for graft survival. RESULTS: Follow-up mean of 40 months (+/-33,4 SD). The univaried analysis of graft survival showed that donor age had a significative influence on graft survival. (OR=1,03; 95% CI 1,01-1,05) (p: 0,009). Studying the relation between donor and recipient age we find an inverse correlation (Pearson's Correlation: 0,55. p<0,0001), but there are significative differences after the adjustment for recipient age. (OR: 1,02; 95% CI 1,01-1,04) (p: 0,04). Optimal cut-point value determined by the ROC analysis was 60 years. The graft survival of donors over 60 years is 79% (95% CI; 74-84%) and 71% (95% CI; 65-77%) at 3 and 5 years in contrast with 94% (95% CI; 94-96%) and 90% (95% CI; 88-92 in donors under 60. (p: 0,002). The multivaried study of the influential factors on graft survival reveals that donor age dichotomized in older or younger than 60, the presence of a surgical immediate reintervention and a delayed graft function were independent influence factors. CONCLUSIONS: Donor age over 60 years has a negative and independent prognostic influence on graft survival

Association of crossed renal ectopia and aortic aneurism. Case report

OBJECTIVE: Renal malformations are rare entities and rarely have clinical consequences. Crossed renal ectopia has an incidence of 1/2.000 autopsies. The association with aortic aneurysm is even more exceptional. METHODS: We present our case and perform a bibliographic review. RESULTS: To date and in our knowledge , seven cases of crossed renal ectopia associated with aortic aneurysm were described on the literature. This malformation makes the treatment of the aneurysm more complex. The possibility of renal function decrease caused by injuries to the renal arteries during the surgical procedure is always present. Because of this risk of injury of the kidney during surgery preoperative evaluation of the vascularization must include image technologies as the MRI, CT-angiography or conventional arteriography. During the aortic intervention vascular conservation must be performed and it is necessary to minimize the time of renal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: The association of crossed renal ectopia and aortic aneurysm is a rare event. The surgical intervention of the aorta does not have to necessarily originate a loss of renal function. Anyway the worsening of the renal clearance must be foreseen

Postglacial migration shaped the genomic diversity and global distribution of the wild ancestor of lager-brewing hybrids

The wild, cold-adapted parent of hybrid lager-brewing yeasts, Saccharomyces eubayanus, has a complex and understudied natural history. The exploration of this diversity can be used both to develop new brewing applications and to enlighten our understanding of the dynamics of yeast evolution in the wild. Here, we integrate whole genome sequence and phenotypic data of 200 S. eubayanus strains, the largest collection known to date. S. eubayanus has a multilayered population structure, consisting of two major populations that are further structured into six subpopulations. Four of these subpopulations are found exclusively in the Patagonian region of South America; one is found predominantly in Patagonia and sparsely in Oceania and North America; and one is specific to the Holarctic ecozone. Plant host associations differed between subpopulations and between S. eubayanus and its sister species, Saccharomyces uvarum. S. eubayanus is most abundant and genetically diverse in northern Patagonia, where some locations harbor more genetic diversity than is found outside of South America, suggesting that northern Patagonia east of the Andes was a glacial refugium for this species. All but one subpopulation shows isolation-by-distance, and gene flow between subpopulations is low. However, there are strong signals of ancient and recent outcrossing, including two admixed lineages, one that is sympatric with and one that is mostly isolated from its parental populations. Using our extensive biogeographical data, we build a robust model that predicts all known and a handful of additional regions of the globe that are climatically suitable for S. eubayanus, including Europe where host accessibility and competitive exclusion by other Saccharomyces species may explain its continued elusiveness. We conclude that this industrially relevant species has rich natural diversity with many factors contributing to its complex distribution and natural history.Fil: Langdon, Quinn K.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Peris, David. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos; EspañaFil: Eizaguirre, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Opulente, Dana A.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Buh, Kelly V.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Sylvester, Kayla. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Jarzyna, Martin. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Rodríguez, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas; ArgentinaFil: Lopes, Christian Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas; ArgentinaFil: Libkind Frati, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Hittinger, Chris. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unido

Impact of renal retransplantation on graft and recipient survival

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of retransplantation in graft and recipient survival. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study in 419 renal transplants and studied the influence of retransplantation in graft and patient survival. A homogeneity study was performed between the two groups with a Student`s T and a chi-square tests. Graft survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meyer and log rank tests. RESULTS: Of 419 transplants, 370 (88.3%) were first transplantations, 45 (10.7%) second transplantations and 4(1%) third ones. Mean follow-up of the whole group was 72.5 months (+/-54.1 SD). There were no differences in follow-up between groups (Mean Follow-up 73.1 months +/-54.4 SD in first transplantations vs. 61.6 months +/-51.2 SD in repeat transplantation. p >0.05). The actuarial graft survival showed no differences between patients with first transplantation and those with a repeat one. [3 and 5 year SV of 89% (95% CI: 87-91%) and 84%(95% CI: 82-86%) Vs 88% (95% CI; 83-93%) and 85% (95% CI:i; 80-90%) respectively]. After adjusting for all the heterogeneity variables we still did not find differences on graft survival. The actuarial recipient survival showed no differences between patients with first transplantation and those with a repeat one. [3 and 5 year SV of 98% and 96% Vs.97%]. CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences of graft and recipient survival between patients with a first transplantation and those with a repeat one

Complicaciones quirúrgicas en el trasplante renal y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto

Objectives: To analyze surgical complications in kidney transplantation and their influence on graft survival. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was made of the early and late surgical complications occurring in 216 consecutive kidney transplants performed at our institution and their influence on graf tsurvival. Results: At least one surgical complication occurred in 82(38%)of the 216 transplantations, and 68(31%)required some type of repeat surgery,23 in the early post operative period and 45 more than 3 months after surgery. Mean follow–up was 48 months(SD þ/ 33.4), and median follow–up 48 months(range,0–166months). No recipient or donor factor spredisposing to surgical complications were found. Graft survival was significantly shorter in patients with surgical complications [3-and 5-year survival rates of 86%(95%CI83%–89%)and 78%(95%CI73%–82%)as compared to 92% (95%CI90%–94%)and 88%(95%CI85%–91%),p:0.004].Early repeat surgery, venous thrombosis, and wound infection were among the complications having an independent influence on graft survival. A multivariate analysis of graft survival in the whole groups howed early repeat surgery to bea factor with an independent prognostic value (OR:4.7;95%CI2.2–10,po0.0001). Delayed function and donor age older than 60 years were the other independent influential factors. Conclusion: Surgical complications have an influence on graft survival.Then eed for early repeat surgery, delayed function, and donor age older than 60 years are independent predictors of graft survival