Unique growth pattern of human mammary epithelial cells induced by polymeric nanoparticles.

Due to their unique properties, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have found broad use in industry, technology, and medicine, including as a vehicle for drug delivery. However, the understanding of NPs' interaction with different types of mammalian cells lags significantly behind their increasing adoption in drug delivery. In this study, we show unique responses of human epithelial breast cells when exposed to polymeric Eudragit® RS NPs (ENPs) for 1-3 days. Cells displayed dose-dependent increases in metabolic activity and growth, but lower proliferation rates, than control cells, as evidenced in tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assays, respectively. Those effects did not affect cell death or mitochondrial fragmentation. We attribute the increase in metabolic activity and growth of cells culture with ENPs to three factors: (1) high affinity of proteins present in the serum for ENPs, (2) adhesion of ENPs to cells, and (3) activation of proliferation and growth pathways. The proteins and genes responsible for stimulating cell adhesion and growth were identified by mass spectrometry and Microarray analyses. We demonstrate a novel property of ENPs, which act to increase cell metabolic activity and growth and organize epithelial cells in the epithelium as determined by Microarray analysis

Cytotoxicity of polymeric nanoparticles, drug carriers

L'utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) comme vecteur de médicaments est actuellement en plein développement de vectoriser des principes actifs dans l'organisme pour en diminuer les effets secondaires. Cependant peu d'études portent sur l'activité biologique de ces NPs et plus particulièrement sur leur toxicité intrinsèque. Récemment, une formulation orale d'Héparine de Bas Poids Moléculaire à base de NPs composées d'un mélange de deux polymères, polycaprolactone et Eudragit® RS, a été développée au sein de l'EA3452. Nous avons entrepris d'étudier la cytotoxicité de ces NPs vides ainsi que celles chargées avec le médicament par deux méthodes d'encapsulation : la nanopréciptation et la double émulsion. La toxicité observée des NP vides a été étudiée. Elles sont toxiques pour la lignée de macrophages de rat NR8383 d'une manière dose- et temps-dépendante. La microscopie électronique a montré que les NPs pénétraient dans la cellule, de façon unitaire, par endocytose et gagnent les mitochondries déclenchant un phénomène de mitophagie alors qu'aucune image évoquant une apoptose n'a été observée. Ceci est confirmé par l'étude des voies métaboliques par « microchip arrays » et RT-PCR quantitative. Les voies métaboliques conduisant à l'autophagie sont activées (en particulier le gène atg1611) sans que l'apoptose soit mise en jeu. La désorganisation des structures mitochondriales est associée à une répression de l'expression du gène opa1. Ces résultats obtenus doivent être confirmé sur des macrophages humains. Cependant ils tendent à montrer que les NPs seules ont des effets biologiques qui doivent être pris en compte avant toute utilisation chez l'hommeNanoparticles (NPS) are more and more used in medicine, in imaging and as vector for drugs. In this case, NPs are used to lessen the toxicity of the active product. However, a possible toxicity of these carriers is seldom taken into account. In the EA3452, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-based NPs have been devised a mix of two polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL) and Eudragit® RS (ERS). Preliminary works has shown that these NPs preparations, obtained by either nanopreciptation or double emulsion, are cytotoxic per se. on a rat macrophage cell line, NR8383 in a dose-dependent (15 - 40 µg/mL) and time-dependent (4 - 24 h) manner which was further investigated. Electron microscopy has shown that NPs enter the cell unitarily by endocytosis. They enter the mitochondria inducing a phenomenon of mitophagy but no pictures evocating apoptosis were observed. Then, we have investigated the metabolic pathways using microchip array and quantitative RT-PCR. The pathways conducting to autophagy are activated (e.g. gene atg1611) while there is no activation of the pathways conducing to apoptosis. The alteration of the morphology of the mitochondria was associated to an underexpression of opa1. Although these results were obtained with animal cell line, and should be confirmed with human macrophages, they show that NPs have biological effects that have to be evaluated before their use in huma

Cytotoxicité de nanoparticules polymériques, vecteurs de médicaments

Nanoparticles (NPS) are more and more used in medicine, in imaging and as vector for drugs. In this case, NPs are used to lessen the toxicity of the active product. However, a possible toxicity of these carriers is seldom taken into account. In the EA3452, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-based NPs have been devised a mix of two polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL) and Eudragit® RS (ERS). Preliminary works has shown that these NPs preparations, obtained by either nanopreciptation or double emulsion, are cytotoxic per se. on a rat macrophage cell line, NR8383 in a dose-dependent (15 - 40 µg/mL) and time-dependent (4 - 24 h) manner which was further investigated. Electron microscopy has shown that NPs enter the cell unitarily by endocytosis. They enter the mitochondria inducing a phenomenon of mitophagy but no pictures evocating apoptosis were observed. Then, we have investigated the metabolic pathways using microchip array and quantitative RT-PCR. The pathways conducting to autophagy are activated (e.g. gene atg1611) while there is no activation of the pathways conducing to apoptosis. The alteration of the morphology of the mitochondria was associated to an underexpression of opa1. Although these results were obtained with animal cell line, and should be confirmed with human macrophages, they show that NPs have biological effects that have to be evaluated before their use in humanL'utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) comme vecteur de médicaments est actuellement en plein développement de vectoriser des principes actifs dans l'organisme pour en diminuer les effets secondaires. Cependant peu d'études portent sur l'activité biologique de ces NPs et plus particulièrement sur leur toxicité intrinsèque. Récemment, une formulation orale d'Héparine de Bas Poids Moléculaire à base de NPs composées d'un mélange de deux polymères, polycaprolactone et Eudragit® RS, a été développée au sein de l'EA3452. Nous avons entrepris d'étudier la cytotoxicité de ces NPs vides ainsi que celles chargées avec le médicament par deux méthodes d'encapsulation : la nanopréciptation et la double émulsion. La toxicité observée des NP vides a été étudiée. Elles sont toxiques pour la lignée de macrophages de rat NR8383 d'une manière dose- et temps-dépendante. La microscopie électronique a montré que les NPs pénétraient dans la cellule, de façon unitaire, par endocytose et gagnent les mitochondries déclenchant un phénomène de mitophagie alors qu'aucune image évoquant une apoptose n'a été observée. Ceci est confirmé par l'étude des voies métaboliques par « microchip arrays » et RT-PCR quantitative. Les voies métaboliques conduisant à l'autophagie sont activées (en particulier le gène atg1611) sans que l'apoptose soit mise en jeu. La désorganisation des structures mitochondriales est associée à une répression de l'expression du gène opa1. Ces résultats obtenus doivent être confirmé sur des macrophages humains. Cependant ils tendent à montrer que les NPs seules ont des effets biologiques qui doivent être pris en compte avant toute utilisation chez l'homm

Vitamin D deficiency in elderly: Risk factors and drugs impact on vitamin D status

Introduction: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide. In spite of its high prevalence, particularly among elderly people, VD deficiency is still underestimated by many physicians. Increasingly, VD deficiency is associated with several known geriatric syndromes. Methods: The study sample consisted of 125 patients, aged 75 years and older, admitted to the acute geriatric unit. The plausible association between the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and patient age, sex, body mass index, renal function, cholecystectomy history, and the prescribed drugs had been investigated. The Fisher's exact test was used to conduct the statistical analysis of data. Results: Surprisingly, furosemide treatment was correlated with normal 25(OH)D levels and an increased incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Unlike the other four parameters mentioned above, our data showed that only the patient sex exhibited a significant association with 25(OH)D level as elderly males suffered from a serious VD deficiency as compared to elderly females. Conclusion: Old age is an independent risk factor for VD deficiency. The supplementary dose of VD should be precisely defined to achieve the optimal serum 25(OH)D level in elderly people. The definition of the normal serum 25(OH)D threshold in elderly furosemide-treated patients is worth of further studies

Cytotoxicité de nanoparticules polymériques, vecteurs de médicaments

L'utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) comme vecteur de médicaments est actuellement en plein développement de vectoriser des principes actifs dans l'organisme pour en diminuer les effets secondaires. Cependant peu d'études portent sur l'activité biologique de ces NPs et plus particulièrement sur leur toxicité intrinsèque. Récemment, une formulation orale d'Héparine de Bas Poids Moléculaire à base de NPs composées d'un mélange de deux polymères, polycaprolactone et Eudragit® RS, a été développée au sein de l'EA3452. Nous avons entrepris d'étudier la cytotoxicité de ces NPs vides ainsi que celles chargées avec le médicament par deux méthodes d'encapsulation : la nanopréciptation et la double émulsion. La toxicité observée des NP vides a été étudiée. Elles sont toxiques pour la lignée de macrophages de rat NR8383 d'une manière dose- et temps-dépendante. La microscopie électronique a montré que les NPs pénétraient dans la cellule, de façon unitaire, par endocytose et gagnent les mitochondries déclenchant un phénomène de mitophagie alors qu'aucune image évoquant une apoptose n'a été observée. Ceci est confirmé par l'étude des voies métaboliques par microchip arrays et RT-PCR quantitative. Les voies métaboliques conduisant à l'autophagie sont activées (en particulier le gène atg1611) sans que l'apoptose soit mise en jeu. La désorganisation des structures mitochondriales est associée à une répression de l'expression du gène opa1. Ces résultats obtenus doivent être confirmé sur des macrophages humains. Cependant ils tendent à montrer que les NPs seules ont des effets biologiques qui doivent être pris en compte avant toute utilisation chez l'hommeNanoparticles (NPS) are more and more used in medicine, in imaging and as vector for drugs. In this case, NPs are used to lessen the toxicity of the active product. However, a possible toxicity of these carriers is seldom taken into account. In the EA3452, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-based NPs have been devised a mix of two polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL) and Eudragit® RS (ERS). Preliminary works has shown that these NPs preparations, obtained by either nanopreciptation or double emulsion, are cytotoxic per se. on a rat macrophage cell line, NR8383 in a dose-dependent (15 - 40 g/mL) and time-dependent (4 - 24 h) manner which was further investigated. Electron microscopy has shown that NPs enter the cell unitarily by endocytosis. They enter the mitochondria inducing a phenomenon of mitophagy but no pictures evocating apoptosis were observed. Then, we have investigated the metabolic pathways using microchip array and quantitative RT-PCR. The pathways conducting to autophagy are activated (e.g. gene atg1611) while there is no activation of the pathways conducing to apoptosis. The alteration of the morphology of the mitochondria was associated to an underexpression of opa1. Although these results were obtained with animal cell line, and should be confirmed with human macrophages, they show that NPs have biological effects that have to be evaluated before their use in humanNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Hyperbranched polyglycerol modified fluorescent nanodiamond for biomedical research

International audienceThe aim of the present work was to functionalize fluorescent nanodiamond by covalentgrafting with hyperbranched polyglycerol. Fluorescent nanodiamond, derived from highpressure high temperature diamond microdiamond, was oxidized then thermally reacted withpure glycidol in the absence of catalyst. Thermal polymerization of glycidol was notablyfaster on the nanodiamond surface as a result of a surface initiation of the isothermal ringopening polymerization. Interestingly, the aqueous dispersion of the resulting nanoparticlesappeared stable at high ionic strength. Furthermore, the fluorescent nanodiamond grafted withhyperbranched polyglycerol displayed several hydroxyl end–groups which could be furtherderivatized by carboxylation or carbamatization and subsequently conjugated with proteinlinked via an amide bound. Notably, nanodiamonds retain their unique fluorescentcharacteristics. This work suggests that fluorescent nanodiamond coated with hyperbranchedglycidol could be promising in biomedical research where aqueous dispersion of fluorescentnanoparticles stable in physiological medium are in high demand to label, track and quantifybiomolecules

Neuroprotective Effect of Nanodiamond in Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model: a Pivotal Role for Modulating NF-κB and STAT3 Signaling

International audienceCurrent therapeutic approaches of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are symptomatic and of modest efficacy, and there is no available effective cure or prevention of AD; hence, the need arise to search for neuroprotective agents to combat AD. The current study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effect of nanodiamond (ND), adamantine-based nanoparticles, in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment in rats, an experimental model of AD. AD was induced by aluminum chloride (17 mg/kg, p.o. for 6 weeks) and confirmed by Morris water maze and Y-maze behavioral tests. Biochemical and histological analyses of the hippocampus were also performed. Aluminum-treated rats showed behavioral, biochemical, and histological changes similar to those associated with AD. ND improved learning and memory and reversed histological alterations. At the molecular levels, ND mitigated the increase of hippocampal beta-amyloid (Aβ42) and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) together with down-regulation of phosphorylated tau protein. It also modulated the excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter level. Furthermore, ND boosted the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mitochondrial transcription factor-A (TFAM), suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and curbed oxidative stress by hampering of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, ND augmented the hippocampal levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3) and B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) anti-apoptotic protein while diminished nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and caspase-3 (casp-3) expression. These findings indicate the protective effect of ND against memory deficits and AD-like pathological aberrations probably via modulating NF-kB and STAT3 signaling, effects mediated likely by modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors

Biopersistence and Brain Translocation of Aluminum Adjuvants of Vaccines

Aluminum oxyhydroxide (alum) is a crystaline compound widely used as an immunologic adjuvant of vaccines. Concerns linked to the use of alum particles emerged following recognition of their causative role in the so-called macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) lesion detected in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue/syndrome. MMF revealed an unexpectedly long-lasting biopersistence of alum within immune cells in presumably susceptible individuals, stressing the previous fundamental misconception of its biodisposition. We previously showed that poorly biodegradable aluminum-coated particles injected into muscle are promptly phagocytozed in muscle and the draining lymph nodes, and can disseminate within phagocytic cells throughout the body and slowly accumulate in brain. This strongly suggests that long-term adjuvant biopersistence within phagocytic cells is a prerequisite for slow brain translocation and delayed neurotoxicity. The understanding of basic mechanisms of particle biopersistence and brain translocation represents a major health challenge, since it could help to define susceptibility factors to develop chronic neurotoxic damage. Biopersistence of alum may be linked to its lysosome-destabilizing effect, which is likely due to direct crystal-induced rupture of phagolysosomal membranes. Macrophages that continuously perceive foreign particles in their cytosol will likely reiterate, with variable interindividual efficiency, a dedicated form of autophagy (xenophagy) until they dispose of alien materials. Successful compartmentalization of particles within double membrane autophagosomes and subsequent fusion with repaired and re-acidified lysosomes will expose alum to lysosomal acidic pH, the sole factor that can solubilize alum particles. Brain translocation of alum particles is linked to a Trojan horse mechanism previously described for infectious particles (HIV, HCV), that obeys to CCL2 signaling the major inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant

Fluorescent nanodiamonds as a relevant tag for the assessment of alum adjuvant particle biodisposition

International audienceAluminum oxyhydroxide (alum) is a crystalline compound widely used as an immunologic adjuvant of vaccines. Concerns linked to alum particles have emerged following recognition of their causative role in the so-called macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) lesion in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis, revealing an unexpectedly long-lasting biopersistence of alum within immune cells and a fundamental misconception of its biodisposition. Evidence that aluminum-coated particles phagocytozed in the injected muscle and its draining lymph nodes can disseminate within phagocytes throughout the body and slowly accumulate in the brain further suggested that alum safety should be evaluated in the long term. However, lack of specific staining makes difficult the assessment of low quantities of bona fide alum adjuvant particles in tissues. Methods: We explored the feasibility of using fluorescent functionalized nanodiamonds (mfNDs) as a permanent label of alum (Alhydrogel ®). mfNDs have a specific and perfectly photostable fluorescence based on the presence within the diamond lattice of nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV centers). As the NV center does not bleach, it allows the microspectrometric detection of mfNDs at very low levels and in the long-term. We thus developed fluorescent nanodiamonds functionalized by hyperbranched polyglycerol (mfNDs) allowing good coupling and stability of alum:mfNDs (AluDia) complexes. Specificities of AluDia complexes were comparable to the whole reference vaccine (anti-hepatitis B vaccine) in terms of particle size and zeta potential. Results: In vivo, AluDia injection was followed by prompt phagocytosis and AluDia particles remained easily detectable by the specific signal of the fND particles in the injected muscle, draining lymph nodes, spleen, liver and brain. In vitro, mfNDs had low toxicity on THP-1 cells and AluDia showed cell toxicity similar to alum alone. Expectedly, AluDia elicited autophagy, and allowed highly specific detection of small amounts of alum in autophagosomes

Low concentrations of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, forming limited size aggregates, selectively induce cerebral aluminum increase and long-term neurotoxicity in mouse

International audienceBackgroundAluminium hydroxide (alum) has long been added as an adjuvant of vaccines. It consists of nanoparticles forming aggregates. Unexpectedly long-lasting biopersistence of alum aggregates were found within immune cells of patients with chronic fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, myalgias and dysimmunity [1], [2]. We documented in mice slow translocation of alum aggregates captured by monocyte-lineage cells from the injected muscle to brain [3], [4], [5]. Herein, brain function and aluminium (Al) concentration were examined long after injections.MethodsAlhydrogel® was injected in TA muscle in adult female CD1 mice at 3 doses ranging from 133 to 800 μg Al/kg. Eight validated tests were used to evaluate cognitive and motor performances 180 days after injection. Brains were collected for Al level determination and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry.ResultsA most unusual neuro-toxicological pattern limited to lower doses of alum was observed. Neurobehavioral changes, including decreased activity levels and altered anxiety-like behaviour, were documented in animals exposed to the two lowest doses (133 and 200 μg Al/kg) but not at the highest dose (800 μg Al/kg), compared to controls. Consistently, cerebral Al levels were increased in animals exposed to the lowest doses. Microglial cell increase was found in amygdala of the 200 μg Al/kg group. Interestingly, the injected suspensions corresponding to the two lowest doses contained much smaller aggregates (1.50–1.75 μm) compared to the highest dose (4.70 μm).ConclusionAlum particles injected in muscle may induce neurotoxic effects and Al cerebral accumulation six months after injection in mice. Neurotoxic effects are restricted to low concentration suspensions forming small particle aggregates. Such bacteria-sized aggregates are known to be selectively captured by monocyte-lineage cells. This study strongly suggests that, in contrast to “the dose makes the poison” paradigm of classical toxicology, alum toxicology obeys the specific rules of small particle toxicology, thus deserving in depth revaluation. (This study was supported by ANSM)