(VIDEO) Maternal Depression and Child Externalizing Behaviors

About 10.97% of women with children aged 1 to 4 years old are identified with depression. Children of mothers with depression are more likely to exhibit externalizing behavior problems, and these problems have been reported to appear more frequently in male children. We examined the association between maternal depression and externalizing behavior in toddlers, and whether child sex moderated these effects, as previous studies have shown child behavior to be linked to both child sex and maternal depression. The sample included 186 mother/child dyads (95 male children) who were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy from an urban hospital. We measured maternal depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II at 24 months of child age. Mothers were identified as having high or low levels of depression based on the clinical cutoff score of 17 or higher. Externalizing behavior was measured at 36 months of child age using maternal reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The raw scores on the CBCL were then converted into t-scores and used in analyses. We used univariate analysis of variance to examine differences in externalizing behavior, with high vs. low levels of maternal depression and child sex as the independent variables and scores on the externalizing behavior subscale as the dependent variable. There was a significant association between maternal depression at 24 months and externalizing problems at 36 months (F=201.344, p=0.045). Mothers at or above clinical cut-off for depression at 24 months of child age later reported higher externalizing problems in their child at 36 months of child age. There was no main effect of child sex, or an interaction of child sex and maternal depression. Thus, this association was not different for boys and girls. These results suggest mothers who have clinical levels of depression at toddler age have children with higher maternal reports of externalizing problems at preschool age. This association did not vary as a function of child sex. This result contradicts the expected result that externalizing behaviors in male toddlers would be more severe than in female toddlers. One implication is that treating maternal depression during early childhood may decrease the prevalence of externalizing behaviors in children. This may lead to healthier social development of these children

Twenty Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Construct Validity in a College Student Population

Applied Behavioral Studie

Implantation and Release of Krypton with Copper Foils

A system and a method providing high-efficiency implantation and release of Kr ions in metal foils have been developed. Implantation and release measurements were performed with a static mass spectrometer. Efficient implantation/retention of rare-gas isotopic ions in a target and their subsequent efficient volatilization from the target is the first of two central requirements for developing an ultrasensitive (10 parts per trillion) method to determine the isotopic content of rare gases. In a number of initial Kr ion implantation runs in Cu, with subsequent volatilization of the implanted Kr by heating, implantation/release efficiencies averaging about 52% were observed. This low value was determined to be due to only partial interception of the Kr ion beam by the target. With modifications to the target assembly, mass spectrometer, and target size, the efficiencies for implantation/release of Kr in Cu were raised to essentially 100%. These efficiencies meet the first requirement for developing this method

Data Model Canvas für die IT-Systemübergreifende Integration von Datenmodellen zur Unterstützung von Datenanalyse-Anwendungen im Produktlebenszyklus

Der Data Model Canvas (DMC) unterstützt methodisch und informationstechnisch den Aufbau der für ein durchgängiges und interdisziplinäres Engineering benötigten fachlichen Datengrundlage und deren Abbildung in den betreffenden IT-Systemen. Basierend auf konkreten Analyse-Szenarien erfolgt eine Modellierung der erforderlichen Datenvernetzung, die wiederum die explizit benötigten Datenquellen umfasst. Im Mittelpunkt dieses Ansatzes steht die Entwicklung eines fachlichen Verständnisses über die zur Analyse notwendigen roduktdaten. Unterstützt wird der Ansatz durch ein Softwaretool zur Erstellung der benötigten Datenmodelle

A GABAergic cell type in the lateral habenula links hypothalamic homeostatic and midbrain motivation circuits with sex steroid signaling

Abstract The lateral habenula (LHb) has a key role in integrating a variety of neural circuits associated with reward and aversive behaviors. There is limited information about how the different cell types and neuronal circuits within the LHb coordinate physiological and motivational states. Here, we report a cell type in the medial division of the LHb (LHbM) in male rats that is distinguished by: (1) a molecular signature for GABAergic neurotransmission (Slc32a1/VGAT) and estrogen receptor (Esr1/ERα) expression, at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as the mRNA for vesicular glutamate transporter Slc17a6/VGLUT2, which we term the GABAergic estrogen-receptive neuron (GERN); (2) its axonal projection patterns, identified by in vivo juxtacellular labeling, to both local LHb and to midbrain modulatory systems; and (3) its somatic expression of receptors for vasopressin, serotonin and dopamine, and mRNA for orexin receptor 2. This cell type is anatomically located to receive afferents from midbrain reward (dopamine and serotonin) and hypothalamic water and energy homeostasis (vasopressin and orexin) circuits. These afferents shared the expression of estrogen synthase (aromatase) and VGLUT2, both in their somata and axon terminals. We demonstrate dynamic changes in LHbM VGAT+ cell density, dependent upon gonadal functional status, that closely correlate with motivational behavior in response to predator and forced swim stressors. The findings suggest that the homeostasis and reward-related glutamatergic convergent projecting pathways to LHbMC employ a localized neurosteroid signaling mechanism via axonal expression of aromatase, to act as a switch for GERN excitation/inhibition output prevalence, influencing depressive or motivated behavior

Laser desorption in an ion trap mass spectrometer

Laser desorption in a ion-trap mass spectrometer shows significant promise for both qualitative and trace analysis. Several aspects of this methodology are discussed in this work. We previously demonstrated the generation of both negative and positive ions by laser desorption directly within a quadrupole ion trap. In the present work, we explore various combinations of d.c., r.f., and time-varying fields in order to optimize laser generated signals. In addition, we report on the application of this method to analyze samples containing compounds such as amines, metal complexes, carbon clusters, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In some cases the ability to rapidly switch between positive and negative ion modes provides sufficient specificity to distinguish different compounds of a mixture with a single stage of mass spectrometry. In other experiments, we combined intensity variation studies with tandem mass spectrometry experiments and positive and negative ion detection to further enhance specificity

On-Chip Integrated, Silicon-Graphene Plasmonic Schottky Photodetector with High Responsivity and Avalanche Photogain.

We report an on-chip integrated metal graphene-silicon plasmonic Schottky photodetector with 85 mA/W responsivity at 1.55 μm and 7% internal quantum efficiency. This is one order of magnitude higher than metal-silicon Schottky photodetectors operated in the same conditions. At a reverse bias of 3 V, we achieve avalanche multiplication, with 0.37A/W responsivity and avalanche photogain ∼2. This paves the way to graphene integrated silicon photonics.We acknowledge funding from EU Graphene Flagship (No. 604391), ERC Grant Hetero2D, and EPSRC Grant Nos. EP/ K01711X/1, EP/K017144/1, EP/N010345/1, EP/M507799/ 1, and EP/L016087/1.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the American Chemical Society via https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0521

Immunological characterization of chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II in the bovine pancreatic islet

Antisera against chromogranin A and B and secretogranin II were used for analysing the bovine pancreas by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. All three antigens were found in extracts of fetal pancreas by one dimensional immunoblotting. A comparison with the soluble proteins of chromaffin granules revealed that in adrenal medulla and in pancreas antigens which migrated identically in electrophoresis were present. In immunohistochemistry, chromogranin A was found in all pancreatic endocrine cell types with the exception of most pancreatic polypeptide-(PP-) producing cells. For chromogranin B, only a faint immunostaining was obtained. For secretorgranin II, A-and B-cells were faintly positive, whereas the majority of PP-cells exhibited a strong immunostaining for this antigen. These results establish that chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II are present in the endocrine pancreas, but that they exhibit a distinct cellular localization