2,151 research outputs found
Ractopamine HCl improved cardiac hypertrophy but not poor growth, metabolic inefficiency, or greater white blood cells associated with heat stress in concentrate-fed lambs
Heat stress decreases livestock performance and well-being (Hahn, 1999; Nienaber and Hahn, 2007), causes metabolic dysfunction that decreases growth efficiency (OâBrien et al., 2010), and alters cardiovascular function (Crandall et al., 2008). Each year, heat stress costs the livestock industry up to $2.5 billion (St-Pierre et al., 2003). Ractopamine HCl acts as a nutrient repartitioning agent (Beermann, 2002); classified as a β adrenergic agonist (βAA), it shares pharmacological properties with adrenaline (Beermann, 2002). βAA increase muscle mass and decreases fat deposition through unknown mechanisms (Beermann, 2002). In feedlot cattle, they increase growth efficiency and improve carcass yield and merit (Scramlin et al., 2010; Buntyn et al., 2017), which increases profit and allows more meat to be produced from fewer animals. However, because βAA act via a stress system, it is unclear how the products affect animals under stress conditions. β1AA and β2AA can also cause tachycardia, heart palpitations, and arrhythmias (Sears, 2002). We hypothesize that β1AA combined with heat stress may overstimulate the adrenergic system, resulting is metabolic dysfunction and decreased performance. Sheep are a common model for cattle, and thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of ractopamine HCl on health and cardiovascular parameters, growth, and metabolic efficiency in feeder lambs
Understanding Barriers for Adherence to Follow-Up Care for Abnormal Pap Tests
Objective: Approximately 4000 women annually will die from preventable and treatable cervical cancer. Failure to adhere to follow-up recommendations after an abnormal Pap test can lead to development of cervical cancer. This paper summarizes the body of literature on adherence to follow-up after an abnormal Pap test in order to facilitate development of interventions
to decrease morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer.
Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of published literature addressing risk factors for adherence or interventions to improve adherence following an abnormal Pap test as the outcome. We included peer-reviewed original research conducted in the United States from 1990 to 2005.
Results: Fourteen analytical and twelve experimental studies that met our criteria were reviewed. Lesion severity and health beliefs were consistently associated with adherence rates. Communication interventions, including telephone reminders, counseling, and educational sessions, increased follow-up compliance across intervention studies. Inconsistent evidence for associations among race, income, and age were found.
Conclusions: Further research is needed to reinforce current studies addressing health beliefs and social support. Interventions that focus on the interplay among psychological, educational, and communication barriers are necessary. These interventions should be adapted and applied across various racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups to reach all women with a high-risk profile for invasive cervical cancer
The Association Between Social Networks and Self-rated risk of HIV Infection among Secondary School Students in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania.
Abstract This study describes the social networks of secondary school students in Moshi Municipality, and their association with self-rated risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 300 students aged 15-24 years in 5 secondary schools in Moshi, Tanzania. Bonding networks were defined as social groupings of students participating in activities within the school, while bridging networks were groups that included students participating in social groupings from outside of the school environs. A structured questionnaire was used to ask about participation in bonding and bridging social networks and self-rated HIV risk behavior. More participants participated in bonding networks (72%) than in bridging networks (29%). Participation in bridging networks was greater among females (25%) than males (12%, pâ<â.005). Of 300 participants, 88 (29%) were sexually experienced, and of these 62 (70%) considered themselves to be at low risk of HIV infection. Factors associated with self-rated risk of HIV included: type of school (pâ<â.003), family structure (pâ<â.008), being sexually experienced (pâ<â.004), having had sex in the past three months (pâ<â.009), having an extra sexual partner (pâ<â.054) and non-condom use in last sexual intercourse (pâ<â.001), but not the presence or type of social capital. The study found no association between bonding and bridging social networks on self-rated risk of HIV among study participants. However, sexually experienced participants rated themselves at low risk of HIV infection despite practicing unsafe sex. Efforts to raise adolescents' self-awareness of risk of HIV infection through life skills education and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome risk reduction strategies may be beneficial to students in this at-risk group
Advancing national greenhouse gas inventories for agriculture in developing countries : improving activity data, emission factors and software technology
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Ractopamine HCl improved cardiac hypertrophy but not poor growth, metabolic inefficiency, or greater white blood cells associated with heat stress in concentrate-fed lambs
Heat stress decreases livestock performance and well-being (Hahn, 1999; Nienaber and Hahn, 2007), causes metabolic dysfunction that decreases growth efficiency (OâBrien et al., 2010), and alters cardiovascular function (Crandall et al., 2008). Each year, heat stress costs the livestock industry up to $2.5 billion (St-Pierre et al., 2003). Ractopamine HCl acts as a nutrient repartitioning agent (Beermann, 2002); classified as a β adrenergic agonist (βAA), it shares pharmacological properties with adrenaline (Beermann, 2002). βAA increase muscle mass and decreases fat deposition through unknown mechanisms (Beermann, 2002). In feedlot cattle, they increase growth efficiency and improve carcass yield and merit (Scramlin et al., 2010; Buntyn et al., 2017), which increases profit and allows more meat to be produced from fewer animals. However, because βAA act via a stress system, it is unclear how the products affect animals under stress conditions. β1AA and β2AA can also cause tachycardia, heart palpitations, and arrhythmias (Sears, 2002). We hypothesize that β1AA combined with heat stress may overstimulate the adrenergic system, resulting is metabolic dysfunction and decreased performance. Sheep are a common model for cattle, and thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of ractopamine HCl on health and cardiovascular parameters, growth, and metabolic efficiency in feeder lambs
Slow relaxation in the two dimensional electron plasma under the strong magnetic field
We study slow relaxation processes in the point vortex model for the
two-dimensional pure electron plasma under the strong magnetic field. By
numerical simulations, it is shown that, from an initial state, the system
undergoes the fast relaxation to a quasi-stationary state, and then goes
through the slow relaxation to reach a final state. From analysis of simulation
data, we find (i) the time scale of the slow relaxation increases linearly to
the number of electrons if it is measured by the unit of the bulk rotation
time, (ii) during the slow relaxation process, each electron undergoes an
superdiffusive motion, and (iii) the superdiffusive motion can be regarded as
the Levy flight, whose step size distribution is of the power law. The time
scale that each electron diffuses over the system size turns out to be much
shorter than that of the slow relaxation, which suggests that the correlation
among the superdiffusive trajectories is important in the slow relaxation
process.Comment: 11pages, 19 figures. Submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp
Whatâs Sex (Composition) Got to Do with It? The Importance of Sex Composition of Gangs for Female and Male Membersâ Offending and Victimization
Sex composition of groups has been theorized in organizational sociology and found in prior work to structure female and male membersâ behaviors and experiences. Peer group and gang literature similarly finds that the sex gap in offending varies across groups of differing sex ratios. Drawing on this and other research linking gang membership, offending, and victimization, we examine whether sex composition of gangs is linked to sex differences in offending in this sample, further assess whether sex composition similarly structures femalesâ and malesâ victimization experiences, and if so, why. Self-report data from gang members in a multi-site, longitudinal study of 3,820 youths are employed. Results support previous findings about variations in member delinquency by both sex and sex composition of the gang and also indicate parallel variations in membersâ victimization. These results are further considered within the context of facilitating effects such as gender dynamics, gang characteristics, and normative orientation
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