La pensée disciplinaire à la Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio : le choix de l’exclusion

L’histoire du théâtre est une histoire d’exclusion. L’élément qui unit à jamais certains réformateurs du théâtre du XVIIIe siècle — appelés à limiter l’ingérence des désordres qui accompagnaient les séances des spectacles — et des artistes contemporains qui souhaitent s’opposer aux pratiques bourgeoises du théâtre, est ce que nous avons appelé la pensée disciplinaire. Cette figure de pensée se situe aux croisements entre les écritures de la pratique et les écritures de la théorie lors de la naissance d’une nouvelle esthétique. Or, que l’esthétique en question ait comme but la recherche d’une intégration sociale ou, au contraire, un travail de rupture avec les codes en vigueur, elle s’accompagne toujours d’un nouveau système de contraintes, d’un nouvel ordre, paradoxalement demandeur d’une nouvelle exclusion. L’aperçu historique que nous proposons autour de la notion de pensée disciplinaire touchera à des interrogations fondamentales : le vertige de l’aliénation et ses monstres, les tensions entre texte et matière, la relation entre art et culpabilité, la crainte de la punition liée à l’exposition publique qui sont autant de lieux de la pensée et de la pratique artistique qu’on retrouvera aussi bien au XVIIIe siècle que dans le travail de redéfinition de l’art théâtral de la Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, au XXe siècle.The history of theatre is one of exclusion. What we have designated here as disciplinary thought is that which unites certain theatre reformers of the 18th century called to limit the intrusion of disorders which accompanied representations and contemporary artists who wished to oppose bourgeois practices of theatre. This thought figure is found at the crossroads between practical and theoretical writings when a new aesthetic is born. That this aesthetic aims at social acceptability or on the contrary to break away from existing codes, it is always accompanied by a new system of constraints—a new order—that is paradoxically in need of new exclusions. The historical overview that we propose around the notion of disciplinary thought will concern itself with fundamental interrogations—the vertigo of alienations and its monsters, the tensions between text and matter, the relationship between art and culpability, the fear of punishment in regards to public exposure: all places of thought and artistic practices which we find during the 18th century but also, during the 20th century, in Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio's efforts in redefining theatre

Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories

Uncertainties in biomass estimates in Amazonian forests result in a broad range of possible magnitude for the emissions of carbon from deforestation and other land-use changes. This paper presents biomass equations developed from trees directly weighed in open forest on fertile soils in the southern Amazon (SA) and allometric equations for bole-volume estimates of trees in both dense and open forests. The equations were used to improve the commonly used biomass models based on large-scale wood-volume inventories carried out in Amazonian forest. The biomass estimates from the SA allometric equation indicate that equations developed in forests on infertile soils in central Amazonia (CA) result in overestimates if applied to trees in the open forests of SA. All aboveground components of 267 trees in open forests of SA were cut and weighed, and the proportion of the biomass stored in the crowns of trees in open forest was found to be higher than in dense forest. In the case of inventoried wood volume, corrections were applied for indentations and hollow trunks and it was determined that no adjustment is needed for the form factor used in the RadamBrasil volume formula. New values are suggested for use in models to convert wood volume to biomass estimates. A biomass map for Brazilian Amazonia was produced from 2702 plots inventoried by the RadamBrasil Project incorporating all corrections for wood density and wood volume and in factors used to add the bole volume of small trees and the crown biomass. Considering all adjustments, the biomass map indicates total biomass of 123.1 Gt (1 Gt = 1 billion tons) dry weight (aboveground + belowground) for originally forested areas in 1976 in the Brazilian Legal Amazon as a whole (102.3 Gt for aboveground only) at the time of the RadamBrasil inventories, which were carried out before intensive deforestation had occurred in the region. Excluded from this estimate are 529,000 km2 of forest lacking sufficient RadamBrasil inventory data. After forest losses of 676,000 km2 by 2006 - not counting 175,000 km2 of this deforested area lacking RadamBrasil data - the estimated dry biomass stock was reduced to 105.4 and 87.6 Gt (aboveground + belowground and only above-ground). Thus, in 2006 the carbon storage in forested areas in Brazilian Amazonia as a whole will be around 51.1 Gt (assuming 1 Mg dry biomass = 0.485 Mg C). Biomass estimates by forest type (aggregated into 12 vegetation classes) are provided for each state in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Mapeamento multitemporal (2001-2009) do uso da terra no bioma Amazônia do estado do Mato Grosso através de imagens MODIS

Large scale agriculture and extensive cattle ranging are the main drivers of deforestation within the Amazon are responsible for 158.310 km2 of forest cover loss since 2001. Although these two activities represent significant importance within the context of land use and land cover change and their impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, there is still no adequate operational monitoring system which provides high quality data and information on land use change considering the spatial-temporal dynamics. This information is crucial for territorial planning, zonation for use and conservation, environmental monitoring, agricultural planning and agro-business among others. The objective of this study by Greenpeace was the development of a land use classification methodology for the annual land use mapping within the Amazon Biome covering the state of Mato Grosso, based on multitemporal analysis of EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) values derived from the MOD12Q1 product of the MODIS sensor. The classification was implemented through the construction of a decision tree based on knowledge differentiating the temporal behavior of EVI of the different land use types. Field data collection, literature analysis and medium to high resolution image interpretation were the basis for land use differentiation. The obtained results were validated and demonstrated excellent accuracies according to literature. The methodology showed to be applicable for the mapping of the principal land use types present within the study area and permits to analyze interannual transitions to increase our understanding of the land use dynamics within the Amazon biome.Pages: 7776-778

Modelagem de desmatamento e emissões de gases de efeito estufa na região sob influência da rodovia Manaus-Porto velho (BR 319)

Uma simulação de desmatamento e emissões de gases de efeito estufa no período 2007-2050 foi executada para a Área sob Limitação Administrativa Provisória (ALAP) ao longo da rota da Rodovia BR-319 (Manaus-Porto Velho); uma área de 153.995 km² que representa aproximadamente 10% do estado do Amazonas. O governo federal, por meio do Ministério dos Transportes, anunciou a sua intenção de reconstruir e pavimentar a Rodovia BR-319, que está abandonada desde 1988. A Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (SDS), do Governo do Estado do Amazonas, e o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) têm planos para criar uma série de áreas protegidas dentro da ALAP. Nossa simulação compara cenários com e sem as reservas de proteção propostas. A reconstrução e a pavimentação da rodovia são presumidas a serem finalizadas em 2011, com a abertura de estradas laterais associadas em datas especificadas ao longo do período 2014-2024. A simulação de desmatamento acopla os programas computacionais DINAMICA e Vensim, e incorpora uma série de inovações para permitir que o total de desmatamento responda à melhoria do acesso por estradas, baseado em uma parametrização da relação entre desmatamento e expansão viária observada em imagens de satélite de uma área no noroeste de Rondônia, adjacente à ALAP. A expansão modelada de estradas endógenas não está limitada por uma presunção de um processo de desmatamento puramente "dirigido pela demanda". Esta suposição impediu que outros modelos de desmatamento na Amazônia, representassem o efeito sobre o desmatamento total causado por decisões relativas às reservas (visto que o desmatamento total especificado externamente, baseado na demanda, implica em um "vazamento" de 100% de qualquer benefício de criação de reservas). A mesma limitação se aplica ao efeito de estradas em modelos dirigidos por demanda. Os resultados obtidos pelo nosso modelo foram validados a partir de uma simulação de desmatamento em Santo Antônio do Matupi, que fica situado adjacente à ALAP, no sul do Amazonas. A biomassa florestal na ALAP foi calculada a partir de 306 parcelas de um hectare dos levantamentos do Projeto RADAMBRASIL, em 13 tipos florestais identificados, e incorpora uma série de melhorias recentes na metodologia para a obtenção da estimativa. Estimativas das emissões incluem adições para o efeito de liberações de gases-traço de queimadas e de decomposição, e deduções para carbono seqüestrado pelo recrescimento da vegetação na paisagem de equilíbrio que substitui a floresta. As estimativas de emissões estão restritas à biomassa (fitomassa). O carbono do solo foi excluído. Em um cenário "business-as-usual" para a ALAP com apenas as reservas já existentes em 2007, a simulação indica 5,1 milhões de hectares desmatados até 2050 (33% da ALAP), com uma liberação conseqüente de 0,95 Gt (giga toneladas = Gt, correspondente a um bilhão de toneladas) de carbono equivalente ao carbono de CO2 (CO2-equivalente). Em um "cenário de conservação" com as reservas de proteção existentes e propostas, o desmatamento alcança 3,4 milhões de hectares até 2050 (22% da ALAP), liberando 0,64 Gt de carbono CO2-equivalente. O efeito das reservas propostas produz uma redução de desmatamento de 1,6 milhões de hectares e de 0,31 Gt de carbono CO2-equivalente em emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Como exemplificação do valor potencial desta redução, se o carbono fosse avaliado a US$10 por tonelada, esta redução em emissões equivaleria a US$3,1 bilhões. Como em qualquer simulação, estes resultados dependem de uma série de presunções relativas ao comportamento do desmatamento. Neste caso, largamente influenciado pelas áreas de pequenos agricultores nas quais nosso modelo foi calibrado. Futuras melhorias para melhor representar os papéis dos grandes atores (legais e ilegais), podem resultar em desmatamento mais rápido nas áreas desprotegidas

Biomass and greenhouse-gas emissions from land-use change in Brazil's Amazonian "arc of deforestation": The states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia

We calculate greenhouse-gas emissions from land-use change in Mato Grosso and Rondônia, two states that are responsible for more than half of the deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. In addition to deforestation (clearing of forest), we also estimate clearing rates and emissions for savannas (especially the cerrado, or central Brazilian savanna), which have not been included in Brazil's monitoring of deforestation. The rate of clearing of savannas was much more rapid in the 1980s and 1990s than in recent years. Over the 2006-2007 period (one year) 204 × 103 ha of forest and 30 × 103 ha of savanna were cleared in Mato Grosso, representing a gross loss of biomass carbon (above + belowground) of 66.0 and 1.8 × 106 MgC, respectively. In the same year in Rondônia, 130 × 103 ha of forest was cleared, representing gross losses of biomass of 40.4 × 106 MgC. Data on clearing of savanna in Rondônia are unavailable, but the rate is believed to be small in the year in question. Net losses of carbon stock for Mato Grosso forest, Mato Grosso savanna and Rondônia forest were 29.0, 0.5 and 18.5 × 106 MgC, respectively. Including soil carbon loss and the effects of trace-gas emissions (using global warming potentials for CH4 and N2O from the IPCC's 2007 Fourth Assessment Report), the impact of these emission sources totaled 30.9, 0.6 and 25.4 × 106 Mg CO2-equivalent C, respectively. These impacts approximate the combined effect of logging and clearing because the forest biomasses used are based on surveys conducted before many forests were exposed to logging. The total emission from Mato Grosso and Rondônia of 56.9 × 106 Mg CO2-equivalent C can be compared with Brazil's annual emission of approximately 80 × 106 MgC from fossil-fuel combustion. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved