Penilaian Stok Karbon Tanah Organik pada Beberapa Tipe Penggunaan Lahan di Kutai Timur, Kalimantan Timur

Penilaian stok karbon tidak hanya pada vegetasi hutan, tetapi juga pada tanah termasuk tanah pertanian atau kebun, karena secara global stok SOC (soil organic carbon) ternyata merupakan teresterial terbesar cadangan karbon organik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui stok karbon tanah organik di kebun lada, kebun campuran, kebun karet, kebun jati dan lahan semak. Metode pengambilan sampel tanah ditentukan secara purposive sampling, kemudian untuk analisis stok karbon tanah organik berdasarkan kerapatan lindak, C-organik dan kedalaman tanah mengacu pada penilaian oleh Badan Standarisasi Nasional.Total SOC di berbagai tempat tergantung dari karakteristik tanah, curah hujan, manajemen pengolahan tanah, topografi, organisme tanah, dan faktor lingkungan lainnya. Berdasarkan penilaian SOC di kebun campuran dan kebun karet lebih tinggi, yaitu 160 dan 121 ton/ha. Kedua lahan tersebut memiliki kelerengan datar, sehingga potensi kehilangan bahan organik di tanah permukaan akibat erosi tergolong rendah. Sedangkan di kebun lada, jati dan semak masing-masing 60. 25 dan 24 ton/ha. Penilaian total SOC berdasarkan kandungan C-organik, kerapatan lindak (Bulk Density) dan kedalaman tanah tertentu pada tiap satuan unit lahan dianggap cukup signifikan, sehingga penelitian seperti ini lebih banyak lagi dilakukan dalam rangka menguatkan informasi untuk estimasi total SOC untuk daerah yang lebih luas atau secara global

ESTIMASI STOK KARBON TANAH ORGANIK PADA MANGROVE DI TELUK KABA DAN MUARA TELUK PANDAN TAMAN NASIONAL KUTAI

Hutan mangrove Taman Nasional Kutai merupakan ekosistem penting yang harus dijaga dan ditingkatkan kelestariannya. Degradasi ekosistem mangrove melalui berbagai aktivitas manusia telah menjadi penyebab utama berkurangnya kemampuan hutan mangrove dalam menyerap dan menyimpan karbon. Hutan mangrove dianggap sebagai ekosistem yang paling banyak menyimpan karbon di dunia yang sebagian besar karbon tersimpan di tanah. Pada lokasi penelitian ditemukan rata-rata C-organik di Muara Teluk Pandan sebesar 2,20% dan di Teluk Kaba memiliki rata-rata C-organik sebesar 2,27%. Rendahnya kandungan C-organik telah mempengaruhi stok karbon tanah. Di kedua lokasi memiliki kisaran stok karbon tanah, yaitu sebesar 66,2-116,1 ton/ha. Rata-rata stok karbon tanah di Teluk Kaba sebesar 74,85 ton/ha, kemudian rata-rata stok karbon tanah di Muara Teluk Pandan sebesar 94,43 ton/ha. Berdasarkan literatur dan hasil penelitian yang terkait, menunjukkan stok karbon tanah mangrove di lokasi penelitian tergolong rendah. Adanya berbagai aktivitas manusia dan perubahan tata guna lahan terutama untuk tambak telah berpotensi menyebabkan terganggunya ekosistem mangrove termasuk fungsi mangrove sebagai penyimpan karbon

Assessment of Natural Resources and Local Community Participationin Nature-Based Tourism of Wehea Forest, East Kalimantan

Wehea forest is a highland of tropical rain forest on East Kutai Regency in East Kalimantan. The community especially Wehea ethnic in Nehas Liah Bing Village is well known for their traditional wisdom in utilizing the forest resources. Wehea Forest Area is a cluster of Maput and Pendreh land systems, and both land systems are irregular hilly regions that have steep to very steep slopes. Because of the uniqueness of biodiversity, landscapes, and traditional wisdom of Wehea ethnic the forest has been declared as forest reserve. This study aimed to assess the natural resources, culture, and participation local community as potential for nature based turism development. The result showed that the Wehea forest has biodiversity of flora dan fauna. Species of flora which are often founded are families of Dipterocarpaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, etc. Fauna potentials are not less important and interesting than flora ones. There are several species which have endangered and protected status. The uniqueness of natural forest landscape really supports to various ecotourism activities. Wehea forest wealth also comes from local community presence. Their awareness is relatively high about Wehea forest existence, especially communities in Nehas Liah Bing. Dayak ethnic of Wehea forest has unique culture to be developed as tourist attraction. Dayak ethnic communities in Miau Baru are Kenyah and then community in Makmur Jaya which was once a transmigration village of Java ethnic. Both communities in the village are familiar about the Wehea forest existence. Culture value diversity, awareness, and participation of local communities become strong capital to develop natural based turism and are expected to contribute to economic diversification region

Assessment of Natural Resources and Local Community Participationin Nature-Based Tourism of Wehea Forest, East Kalimantan

Wehea forest is a highland of tropical rain forest on East Kutai Regency in East Kalimantan. The community especially Wehea ethnic in Nehas Liah Bing Village is well known for their traditional wisdom in utilizing the forest resources. Wehea Forest Area is a cluster of Maput and Pendreh land systems, and both land systems are irregular hilly regions that have steep to very steep slopes. Because of the uniqueness of biodiversity, landscapes, and traditional wisdom of Wehea ethnic the forest has been declared as forest reserve. This study aimed to assess the natural resources, culture, and participation local community as potential for nature based turism development. The result showed that the Wehea forest has biodiversity of flora dan fauna. Species of flora which are often founded are families of Dipterocarpaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, etc. Fauna potentials are not less important and interesting than flora ones. There are several species which have endangered and protected status. The uniqueness of natural forest landscape really supports to various ecotourism activities. Wehea forest wealth also comes from local community presence. Their awareness is relatively high about Wehea forest existence, especially communities in Nehas Liah Bing. Dayak ethnic of Wehea forest has unique culture to be developed as tourist attraction. Dayak ethnic communities in Miau Baru are Kenyah and then community in Makmur Jaya which was once a transmigration village of Java ethnic. Both communities in the village are familiar about the Wehea forest existence. Culture value diversity, awareness, and participation of local communities become strong capital to develop natural based turism and are expected to contribute to economic diversification region

Kombinasi Pengaruh Media Tanam Akar Pakis dan Arang Sekam Terhadap Perkecambahan dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Eucalyptus pellitaL. Muell.

Penelitian telah dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan mulai bulan Febuari sampai April 2016. Penelitian ini berlokasi di persemaian PT Surya Hutani Jaya, Desa Puan Cepak, Kecamatan Muara Kaman, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam terhadap perkecambahan benih dan pertumbuhan bibit Eucalyptus pellita L. Muell. dan mengetahui komposisi media tanam yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit E. pellita. Penelitian disusun menggunakan pola nonfaktorial di dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 taraf perlakuan media tanam akar pakis dan arang sekam yang masing-masing diulang 4 kali. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah M0 = akar pakis 100%, M1 = akar pakis 90%+arang sekam 10%, M2 = akar pakis 80%+arang sekam 20%, M3 = akar pakis 70%+arang sekam 30%, dan M4 = akar pakis 60%+arang sekam 40%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap perkecambahan benih E. pellita, tinggi bibit, jumlah daun, diameter batang, kekompakan akar serta serangan hama dan penyakit. Jadi perlakuan yang diberikan sama baiknya untuk perkecambahan benih dan pertumbuhan bibit E. pellita

Dampak Kebakaran Hutan Terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Tanah di Taman Nasional Kutai, Kalimantan Timur

Kebakaran hutan berdampak terhadap sifat fisika, kimia tanah, biologi tanah, erosi, kapasitas menyimpan air tanah, penghilangan serasah serta humus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak kebakaran hutan terhadap sifat fisik dan sifat kimia di Prevab, Taman Nasional Kutai. Tujuan penelitian didekati dengan membandingkan areal bekas terbakar dan areal tidak terbakar. Pengujian sampel tanah dilakukan di laboratorium, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis data dengan mengacu pada kriteria penilaian sifat fisik dan kimia tanah yang telah ditetapkan. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa sampai 19 tahun setelah terbakar, diketahui kebakaran hutan berdampak terhadap sifat fisik tanah, yaitu meningkatnya kerapatan lindak/Bulk Density, penurunan porositas dan permeabilitas tanah serta tekstur tanah dengan fraksi pasir lebih dominan. Sifat kimia tanah memiliki kriteria yang sama antara areal bekas terbakar dan tidak terbakar yaitu pH sangat masam, DHL sangat rendah dan KTK rendah, sedangkan untuk kation-kation basa secara umum lebih tinggi pada areal tidak terbakar dibandingkan dengan areal terbakar, kecuali untuk Kalium (K)

Structure and Dominance of Species in Mangrove Forest on Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Kutai National Park (KNP) which is located in East Kutai Regency on East Kalimantan Province is endowed with numerous pristine of mangrove forest. However, related information to the species composition and diversity of KNP mangrove is still scanty. Twenty-one of mangrove species were recorded using the quadratic transects survey method (total plot area of 1.7 ha). Main species of mangrove communities were Avicennia lanata, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhysa, B sexangular, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata and Sonneratia Alba. Mangrove density was recorded reached as 1,699 trees ha-1, saplings of 4,395 ha-1 and seedlings 25,348 ha-1. Significant tree density was found in Pandan Bay Estuary. While in the Lombok Bay and the Kaba Bay significant for sapling and seedling categories. Importance value index of mangrove species in the three study locations for three growth categories (tree, sapling and seedling) showed significant differences (p-value> α0.05). Mangrove stand at three study locations has almost the same characteristics. The species diversity and evenness index has shown the same distribution pattern. The findings of this study suggest that KNP mangrove forest stand is not heavily damaged even though there is a lot of human activity. This mangrove could be managed and conserved for multi-sectoral purposes such as ecotourism, research, biodiversity and education rather than solely as a Nature Conservation Area

Using SMT to accelerate nested virtualization

IaaS datacenters offer virtual machines (VMs) to their clients, who in turn sometimes deploy their own virtualized environments, thereby running a VM inside a VM. This is known as nested virtualization. VMs are intrinsically slower than bare-metal execution, as they often trap into their hypervisor to perform tasks like operating virtual I/O devices. Each VM trap requires loading and storing dozens of registers to switch between the VM and hypervisor contexts, thereby incurring costly runtime overheads. Nested virtualization further magnifies these overheads, as every VM trap in a traditional virtualized environment triggers at least twice as many traps. We propose to leverage the replicated thread execution resources in simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) cores to alleviate the overheads of VM traps in nested virtualization. Our proposed architecture introduces a simple mechanism to colocate different VMs and hypervisors on separate hardware threads of a core, and replaces the costly context switches of VM traps with simple thread stall and resume events. More concretely, as each thread in an SMT core has its own register set, trapping between VMs and hypervisors does not involve costly context switches, but simply requires the core to fetch instructions from a different hardware thread. Furthermore, our inter-thread communication mechanism allows a hypervisor to directly access and manipulate the registers of its subordinate VMs, given that they both share the same in-core physical register file. A model of our architecture shows up to 2.3× and 2.6× better I/O latency and bandwidth, respectively. We also show a software-only prototype of the system using existing SMT architectures, with up to 1.3× and 1.5× better I/O latency and bandwidth, respectively, and 1.2--2.2× speedups on various real-world applications

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Analisis Kandungan Karbon Tanah Organik Di Taman Botani Bukit Pelangi, Sangatta Kabupaten Kutai Timur

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan karbon tanah organik (SOC) di Taman Botani, Bukit Pelangi Sangatta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam jangka waktu kurang lebih 4 bulan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei lapangan dan analisis laboratorium terhadap sampel tanah. Pengambilan sampel dengan dua cara, yaitu pengambilan sampel tanah terganggu (komposit) dan sampel tanah tidak terganggu.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa berdasarkan karakteristik tanah baik fisik dan kimia, diketahui Taman Botani memiliki tingkat kesuburan tanah rendah. Kesuburan tanah rendah umumnya dimiliki oleh Ultisols, sehingga dapat diasumsikan, berdasarkankarakteristik tanah tersebut telahmengalami pencucian tingkat lanjut (tinggi) atau termasuk jenis tanah tua. Kandungan SOC telah dihitung di tiga lokasi,lokasi pertama sebesar 7,51 ton/ha, lokasi ketiga 6,90 ton/ha dan yang terkecil pada lokasi kedua sekitar 6,38 ton/ha. Total luas Taman Botani 20,5 ha, sehingga dapat diprediksi bahwa kandungan SOC keseluruhan Taman Botani sekitar 142,07 ton atau 6,93 ton/ha. Berdasarkan kondisi vegetasi di lapangan diketahui bahwa pada vegetasi yang tertutup rapatmenunjukkan kandungan SOC tinggi. Pada areal dengan biomassa yang lebih besar berpotensi menyumbang SOC yang tinggi di dalam tanah.Kandungan SOC di Taman Botanitergolong rendah disebabkan oleh kondisi lahan dengan lereng yang curam sehingga erosi juga cukup tinggi, kemudian perkembangan hutan masih tergolong hutan sekunder muda denganjenis tanah tua