Industrial Property Institutions, Patenting, and Technology Investment in Spain and Mexico, c. 1820-1914.

This paper explores the nature and implications of nineteenth century patent law in two late-industrializing countries: Spain and Mexico. Both inherited earlier ancien regime monopoly practices, both adopted aspects of modern, codified patent systems in the early nineteenth century, and both sought primarily to encourage innovation and especially the introduction of foreign techniques. Mexico, however, abandoned this orientation in 1890 in favor of an emphasis on supporting inventive activity while Spain retained this orientation until recently. After presenting an overview of the conceptual and historical issues regarding comparative patent systems in section one; section two compares the nature of the Spanish and Mexican systems in the nineteenth century; while sections three and four examine the implications of patent law: its impact on trends in patenting behavior and —more tentatively— its probable consequences for investment in technological change.Spain and Mexico Economic History; Patents; Technological Change; Technology Transfer.

Decentralized and Event-Triggered Filtering for Position, Velocity, and Clock Bias Estimation

Teams of collaborative robots or rovers are expected to play a major role in future aerospace applications, including exploration of the lunar surface. Efficient, reliable methods to determine the position, velocity, and timing status of the rovers are required to facilitate this work and reduce risk of interference. This thesis presents two distributed Kalman Filter-based estimation algorithms for fully-connected networks using time-of-flight measurements. The network is composed of static beacons at known locations and mobile rovers whose positions and velocities are to be determined. Beacons and rovers are collectively called agents. Each agent&rsquo;s filter tracks the position, velocity, and time (PVT) states of all of the rovers in addition to the time states of the beacons. Knowledge of all position and velocity states enables rovers to accomplish collaborative tasks without interfering with each other; tracking time states supports the use of time-of-flight relative range measurements. This work addresses the limitations in the state of the art by introducing two decentralized algorithms where each agent can estimate the time-varying position, velocity, and clock bias/bias rate of itself and all other agents in a distributed fashion. In the first method, agents exchange full PVT state estimates, which are conservatively fused with local estimates using covariance intersection. In many applications it is desirable to reduce the amount of data transmission required for navigation purposes to free up space for other purposes. To that end, the second method reduces communication packet size by only sending sufficiently surprising measurements as determined by an event-triggering threshold. Simulation results using a low-quality clock with measurements precise on the order of centimeters show that the covariance intersection method achieves a 2D position RMSE error of 0.5 m. The event-triggering method significantly reduces required communication, but results in larger errors of about 1.8 m for a moderate triggering threshold of &delta; = 2 m.</p

Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin - Volume 6 Number 10

Financial Report Calendar of Events Attention, Class of 1945! Miss Shafer Retires Review of the Alumnae Association Meetings Institutional Staff Nurses\u27 Section Report of Staff Activites - 1948-1949 The Staff Stockings! Stockings! Stockings! Pop-Up Toaster It\u27s Not Too Soon Any White Elephants? Private Duty Section The Jefferson Hospital Private Duty Nurses\u27 Register Report for Barton Memorial Hospital Progress of the Orthopedic Department Just Under the Date Line Pediatrics at Jefferson Controlled Respiration in Anesthesia Anesthesia Progress Physical Advances at Jefferson During the Past Year The White Haven Division The Clara Melville Scholarship Fund The Relief Fund The Busy Year for the Nurses\u27 Home Committee of the Women\u27s Board The Gray Ladies Memories Lost Miscellaneous Items Medical College News Marriages Births Deaths Condolences Prizes District No. 1 Dues Help! Help! Help! Jap Prison School Spurs Nurse to Win University Degree Twenty Ways to Kill an Organization The Bulletin Committee Attention, Alumnae New Addresse

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy

Age-related maculopathy (ARM) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Although beneficial therapeutic strategies have recently begun to emerge, much remains unclear regarding the etiopathogenesis of this disorder. Epidemiologic studies have enhanced our understanding of ARM, but the data, often conflicting, has led to difficulties with drawing firm conclusions with respect to risk for this condition. As a consequence, we saw a need to assimilate the published findings with respect to risk factors for ARM, through a review of the literature appraising results from published cross-sectional studies, prospective cohort studies, case series, and case control studies investigating risk for this condition. Our review shows that, to date, and across a spectrum of epidemiologic study designs, only age, cigarette smoking, and family history of ARM have been consistently demonstrated to represent risk for this condition. In addition, genetic studies have recently implicated many genes in the pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy, including Complement Factor H, PLEKHA 1, and LOC387715/HTRA1, demonstrating that environmental and genetic factors are important for the development of ARM suggesting that gene-environment interaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this condition

Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin - Volume 6 Number 9

Remember the Relief Fund Welcome! Miss Childs Financial Report Calendar of Coming Events Lest You Forget! Attention Review of the Alumnae Association Meetings Institutional Staff Nurses\u27 Section Report of Staff Activities - 1947-1948 Private Duty Section The White Haven Division Barton Memorial Division Remember the Relief Fund Student Nurses\u27 Activities Jefferson Scores Again The Clara Melville Scholarship Fund Interesting Activities of the Nurses\u27 Home Committee of the Women\u27s Board Exclusive for Nurses Changes in the Maternity Division Gray Lady Musical Therapy Service Memorial Service Honoring Mrs. Bessie Dobson Altemus The Blood Donor Center The Hospital Pharmacy Medical College News Remember the Relief Fund Administrative Staff and Faculty of the School of Nursing Streptomycin Changes in the Staff at Jefferson Hospital Care of the Thoracic Surgical Patient Miscellaneous Items Marriages New Arrivals Deaths The Bulletin Committee Attention, Alumnae New Addresse

Faecal virome of the Australian grey-headed flying fox from urban/ suburban environments contains novel coronaviruses, retroviruses and sapoviruses

Bats are important reservoirs for viruses of public health and veterinary concern. Virus studies in Australian bats usually target the families Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae and Rhabdoviridae, with little known about their overall virome composition. We used metatranscriptomic sequencing to characterise the faecal virome of greyheaded flying foxes from three colonies in urban/suburban locations from two Australian states. We identified viruses from three mammalian-infecting (Coronaviridae, Caliciviridae, Retroviridae) and one possible mammalianinfecting (Birnaviridae) family. Of particular interest were a novel bat betacoronavirus (subgenus Nobecovirus) and a novel bat sapovirus (Caliciviridae), the first identified in Australian bats, as well as a potentially exogenous retrovirus. The novel betacoronavirus was detected in two sampling locations 1375 km apart and falls in a viral lineage likely with a long association with bats. This study highlights the utility of unbiased sequencing of faecal samples for identifying novel viruses and revealing broad-scale patterns of virus ecology and evolution

Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for macrophage alternative activation

Alternative (M2) macrophage activation driven through interleukin 4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) is important for immunity to parasites, wound healing, the prevention of atherosclerosis and metabolic homeostasis. M2 polarization is dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the source of fatty acids to support this metabolic program has not been clear. We show that the uptake of triacylglycerol substrates via CD36 and their subsequent lipolysis by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) was important for the engagement of elevated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC), prolonged survival and expression of genes that together define M2 activation. Inhibition of lipolysis suppressed M2 activation during infection with a parasitic helminth, and blocked protective responses against this pathogen. Our findings delineate a critical role for cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis in M2 activation