Cost and benefits of the Universal Basic Income implementation in Navarra

The Basic Income has been defined as a relatively small income that the public Administration unconditionally provides to all its members as a citizenship right. Its principal objective consists on guaranteeing the entire population with an income enough to satisfy living basic needs, but it could have other positive effects such as a more equally income redistribution or tax fraud fighting, as well as some drawbacks, like the labor supply disincentives. In this essay we present the argument in favor and against this policy and ultimately define how it could be financed according to the actual tax and social benefits’ system in Navarra. The research also approaches the main economic implications of the proposal, both in terms of static income redistribution and discusses other relevant dynamic uncertainties.Enpresen Administrazio eta Zuzendaritzan Nazioarteko Graduatua / Ekonomian Nazioarteko Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan (Nazioarteko Programa)Graduado o Graduada Internacional en Administración y Dirección de Empresas / Graduado o Graduada Internacional en Economía por la Universidad Pública de Navarr

Fórmulas de cuadratura invariantes de grado 8 para el simplex 4-dimensional

Para un simplex 4-dimensional T4 se conocen fórmulas de cuadratura invariantes de grado de precisión hasta d = 7 como se muestra en las referencias1.5. En este trabajo se presentan dos nuevas fórmulas de cuadratura invariantes de grado de precisión d = 8 con 91 nodos. Estas fórmulas han sido obtenidas usando la teoría de consistencia desarrollada en la referencia3 y las estructuras consistentes dadas en la referencia2.Peer Reviewe

Nitrogen status in maize grown at different row spacings and nitrogen availability

Barbieri, P. A., Echeverría, H. E., Sainz Rozas, H. R. and Andrade, F. H. 2013. Nitrogen status in maize grown at differentrow spacings and nitrogen availability. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 10491058. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) isimperative to sustainable agriculture. To attain this goal in maize crops (Zea mays L.) there are nitrogen (N) diagnosismethods that enable determination of a crop?s nutritional status by analysis of plant parts. Maize planted in narrow rows(NR) can have increased dry matter (DM), grain yield and accumulated N. However, no reports have been found on theeffect of NR of N in plant diagnosis methods. An experiment was performed over 3 yr to evaluate NR and N fertilizer rateson the N dilution curve, N concentration in grain and chlorophyll content in maize. Treatments consisted of a factorialcombination of row width (70, 52 and 35 cm) and N rate (0 to 180 kg N ha1). The N dilution curves adjusted for fertilizedor control treatments were similar among row spacing. Nitrogen concentration in grain was correlated with relative yield(RY), and similar critical values for N response were similar between row spacings. Leaf chlorophyll content increasedwith N and NR; however, green index (GI) and N sufficiency index (NSI) values were not different between row spacingwhen correlated to RY. These results indicate that response thresholds to N fertilization determined on plant tissue for NRtreatments were similar among row spacings. Thus, there is no need to adjust the response thresholds to N applicationbased on row spacing, as NR did not cause any changes in physiological efficiency (PE) due to the determined proportionalincreases, both in accumulated N in DM and grain yield.Fil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Fernando Héctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Agronomía; Argentin

Using Canopies indices to Quantify the Economic optimum nitrogen rate in Spring Wheat

In-season N applications to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) may increase profits and improve N fertilizer accuracy. The objectives were to develop a calibration tool employing normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements for calculating the differential from the economic optimum N rate (dEONR) at growth stages Z22, Z24, and Z31 to Z39 and provide N rate algorithms for use in applying N fertilizer at a variable rate. Sensing was conducted trials over 3 yr encompassing 10 site-years across Southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The relationship between sensor indices and dEONR was evaluated by fitting quadratic plateau (QP) regression models. Statistically significant QP models were determined at the Z24, Z31, and Z39 growth stages. Relative SPAD (rSPAD) and relative NDVI (rNDVI) reduced variation and improved the calibration of measured N stress with the dEONR. For Z31 and Z39, the rSPAD had the best goodness of fit statistics when compared to rNDVI [adjusted R2 (adjR2)= 0.67 and 0.57 at Z31 and 0.68 and 0.52 at Z39, respectively]. However, adjustment at Z24 was higher for rNDVI (adjR2 = 0.53 and 0.61 for rSPAD and rNDVI, respectively). A single QP model to estimate the dEONR with 58% confidence was adjusted for the Z31 and Z39 growth stages. This indicates that the same calibration for N rate determination based on rSPAD or rNDVI values can be used during stem elongation in spring wheat. This model can be used as an N rate algorithm for applying N fertilizer in-season.Fil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Diovisalvi, Nadia Rosalia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Water Availability and Row Spacing Effects on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in No-Till Maize

Reduced row spacing has shown to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in no-till irrigated maize; however available information in rainfed conditions is scarce. The objective was to analyze row spacing effects on NUE under different water and nitrogen (N) regimes. Maize crops were grown at Balcarce, Argentina, during two seasons. Treatments included two water regimes (rainfed and irrigated), two rows spacing (35 and 70 cm) and two N rates (0 and 180 kg N ha-1). Nitrogen rate and narrow rows increased total dry matter (DM), grain yield, and DM and grain N accumulation in both water regimes. In both years and water regimes, narrow rows increased NUE. Physiological efficiency decreased with N rate and was not affected by row spacing. Recovery efficiency (RE) decreased with N rate, and wide rows spacing. Narrow rows effects on RE decreased as N availability increased. Narrow rows increased NUE largely as a result of increased RE. Greater RE for narrow rows treatments was evident since early growth stages (V6). Average two growing seasons, grain yield and NUE response to narrow rows was higher for rainfed condition and/or N deficient crops than maize with high N rate and irrigation. Results shown that narrow rows increased NUE in no-till maize under rainfed conditions.EEA BalcarceFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina.Fil: Echeverría, Hernán. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina.Fil: Sainz Rozas, Hernán Rene. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina

Nitrogen recovery efficiency from urea treated with NSN co-polymer applied to no-till corn

Nitrogen (N) rate increases used by many farmers produce a reduced or null effect on N recovery efficiency (RE) by crops. Therefore, management practices to reduce N losses and increase RE are necessary. Co-polymer maleic itaconic acid (NSN) have become available for use with urea and has shown potential in reducing N losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of urea treated with NSN on grain yield and RE in a no-till corn. A field experiment was carried out at Balcarce, Argentina over three years, evaluated treatments were urea and urea + NSN at 120 N kg ha− 1, and additional 0 N treatment was included. Urea + NSN was effective to reduce total ammonia volatilization losses, and the average of two years were 1.4 (1.1% to N applied) and 8.7 kg ha− 1 (7.2% to N applied) for urea + NSN and urea, respectively. However, while grain yield and N grain removal were not affected by urea + NSN, the N rate significantly increased grain yield and N grain removal. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was not affected by urea + NSN, RE (average of three years) was 29.0% and 27.8% for urea and urea + NSN, respectively. In conclusion, there was no advantage of using urea treated with NSN in no-till corn overgrain yield, N grain removal, or RE.Fil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Alternatives for Nitrogen Diagnosis for Wheat with Different Yield Potentials in the Humid Pampas of Argentina

A correct determination of nitrogen (N) fertilization thresholds in wheat that is based on objective yield produces efficient use of this nutrient. Nitrogen fertilization recommendations for traditional wheat require determination of nitrate (NO3-)-N availability at 60 cm deep at planting time. However, this methodology is complicated, expensive, and time-consuming; thus, the determination of NO3--N level at a lesser depth and at a different time would be desirable. The goals of this work were to determine available N in soil thresholds for traditional and French germplasm wheats and the feasibility of diagnosing N requirements by measuring NO3--N at 40 cm deep, at planting or tillering times, in the southeastern Pampas. The experiments were factorial combinations of N rates and fertilization times (planting and tillering) at different sites and years during 2002-2006. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased grain yield and protein content. French varieties presented greater grain yield (23%), lower protein content (11%), and greater yield per N unit, indicating greater N-use efficiency (NUE) than traditional varieties. A similar relationship was determined between grain yield and available N at both sampling depths. This might be explained by the strong association between NO3--N content at 60 and 40 cm deep at both sampling dates. Maximum yield and available N determined at 60 or 40 cm soil deep showed that thresholds were lower for tillering than for planting, regardless of the genotype (152 and 174 kg of available N, respectively). Available N thresholds for 95% of maximum yield were less at 0-40 cm deep than at 0-60 cm deep (10 and 14 kg N ha-1 for traditional and French genotypes, respectively). The results of this experiment suggest the possibility of diagnosing N requirements for wheat by measuring NO3--N content at 40 cm deep, instead of the usual 60 cm, for both traditional and French genotypes.Fil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentin

Phosphorus placement effects on phosphorous recovery efficiency and grain yield of wheat under no-tillage in the Humid Pampas of Argentina

No-till (NT) affects dynamics of phosphorus (P) applied. Wheat response to P fertilization can be affected by available soil P, grain yield, placement, rate, and timing of fertilization. Furthermore, mycorrhizal associations could contribute to improving plant P uptake. Three experiments were used to evaluate P rate (0, 25, and 50 kg P ha−1) and fertilizer placement (broadcasted or deep-banded) effects in NT wheat on P recovery efficiency (PRE) yield and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (AMC) which was assessed in one experiment. Fertilization increased dry matter (DM) and accumulated P. Broadcasted P produced lower P accumulation than deep-banded P only at tillering. Phosphorus rate decreased PRE, and placement method did not affect it. Grain yield response was increased by P rate (857 and 1805 kg ha−1 for 25 and 50 kg P ha−1, resp.) and was not affected by placement method (4774 and 5333 kg ha−1 for broadcasted and deep-banded, resp.). Deep-banded P depressed root AMC compared with broadcast applications. Highest AMC in P broadcasted treatments could help to explain the lack of differences between placement methods. These results indicate thatMollisol have low P retention capacity.Therefore, broadcasted P could be used as an alternative of fertilizer management for NT wheat.EEA BalcarceFil: Barbieri, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Covacevich, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; Argentina. Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Comparison of methods for determining soil organic carbon

El carbono orgánico total (COT) del suelo por su efecto benéfico sobre las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, es considerado como uno de los principales indicadores de calidad de suelo, por lo que es necesario determinarlo con suficiente exactitud. Para algunos suelos de la Región pampeana y extrapampeana se compararon las técnicas de determinación de COT de Walkley & Black, Walkley & Black modificado y calcinación (LOI) con respecto al método de combustión seca de Dumas, tomado como referencia. Se obtuvo una alta correlación entre las técnicas de determinación de COT (r2 =0,98-0,99). Se verificó el factor de corrección de 1,32, usado habitualmente en la metodología de Walkley & Black para convertir el carbono fácilmente oxidable (CFO) en COT. Se observó que la pendiente de la relación entre la MO determinada por LOI y el COT determinado por el método de Dumas (1,697) no difirió del valor de 1,724 habitualmente empleado para la conversión de COT a MO. La metodología de Dumas mostró mayor veracidad y precisión respecto de las demás técnicas de determinación de COT.Beneficial effects of soil organic carbon (COT) on physical, chemical and biological properties, is considered an indicator of soil quality, so it is necessary to determine it accurately. Walkley & Black, modified Walkley & Black and ignition (LOI) with respect to the dry combustion method of Dumas were compared for some soils of the Pampean and extrapampean region. A high correlation between COT determination techniques (r2 = 0.98-0.99) was obtained. Correction factor of 1.32, commonly used in the methodology of Walkley & Black to convert readily oxidizable carbon (CFO) in COT was verified. It was observed that the slope of the relationship between the COT determined by LOI and COT determined by the Dumas method (1.697) did not differ in value from 1,724, routinely used for the conversion of COT a MO. Dumas methodology showed greater accuracy and precision with respect to other techniques for determination of COT.Fil: Eyherabide, Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Hernan Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin