Redox regulation of lung inflammation: Role of NADPH oxidase and NF-κB signaling. Biochemical Society Transactions,

Abstract Regulation of reduction/oxidation (redox) state is critical for cell viability, activation, proliferation and organ function, and imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant balance is implicated in various chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CS (cigarette smoke) is a complex mixture of various noxious gases and condensed tar particles. These components elicit oxidative stress in lungs by continuous generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and various inflammatory mediators. In the present review, we have discussed the role of oxidative stress in triggering the inflammatory response in the lungs in response to CS by demonstrating the role of NADPH oxidase, redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as pro-inflammatory NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and antioxidant Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45 subunit-related factor 2), as well as HDAC (histone deacetylase) in pro-inflammatory cytokine release by disruption of HDAC-RelA/p65 NF-κB complex

The tale of TILs in breast cancer: A report from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group

The advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in modern oncology has significantly improved survival in several cancer settings. A subgroup of women with breast cancer (BC) has immunogenic infiltration of lymphocytes with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These patients may potentially benefit from ICI targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 signaling axis. The use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as predictive and prognostic biomarkers has been under intense examination. Emerging data suggest that TILs are associated with response to both cytotoxic treatments and immunotherapy, particularly for patients with triple-negative BC. In this review from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group, we discuss (a) the biological understanding of TILs, (b) their analytical and clinical validity and efforts toward the clinical utility in BC, and (c) the current status of PD-L1 and TIL testing across different continents, including experiences from low-to-middle-income countries, incorporating also the view of a patient advocate. This information will help set the stage for future approaches to optimize the understanding and clinical utilization of TIL analysis in patients with BC