Collaborative Documentation and Revitalization of Cherokee Tone

Cherokee, the sole member of the southern branch of Iroquoian languages, is a severely endangered language. Unlike other members of the Iroquoian family, Cherokee has lexical tone. Community members are concerned about the potential loss of their language, and both speakers and teachers comment on the difficulty that language learners have with tone. This paper provides a brief overview of Cherokee tone and describes the techniques, activities, and results from a collaborative project aimed at building greater linguistic capacity within the Cherokee community. Team members from Cherokee Nation, the University of Kansas, and the University of Oklahoma led a series of workshops designed to train speakers, teachers, and advanced language learners to recognize, describe, and teach tone and how to use this information to document Cherokee. Following a participatory approach to endangered language revitalization and training native speakers and second language users in techniques of linguistic documentation adds to the knowledge-base of the community and allows for the documentation process to proceed from a Cherokee perspective rather than a purely academic/linguistic one. This capacity-building aspect of the project could serve as a model for future collaborations between linguists, teachers, and speakers in other communities with endangered languages.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

The David and Frances Scott Memorial Concert

This is the program for the David and Frances Scott Memorial Concert, presented by Sigma Alpha Iota, on February 21, 1989. Guest vocalists Denise Edds, soprano, and Stephen Edds, baritone, were accompanied by Robert Lindley on piano

Headwater Streams of the Flint Hills

Among the most beautiful environments of the Flint Hills are the springs and headwater streams that are part of and help to carve the landscape. Meandering through the vast sea of grass, hundreds of free-flowing ribbons of water might go unnoticed as we speed along the highway

Small Animal Nutrition

In general, the body needs daily intakes of a proper proportion of carbohydrate and fat for energy, amino acids for the synthesis of tissue proteins, and vitamins for special structures. In addition, it requires inorganic ions and water for the ionic environment, and inorganic ,elements such as iron, cobalt, manganese and copper, for organic combination. Thus, if dietary therapy emphasizes only one or two, or anything less than the whole group of ingredients needed daily, then the clinician is depending upon the body reserves to correct the deficiency. Similarly, a study of any particular ingredient such as the protein component must be done with a diet which supplies, to the best of our knowledge, all other essential ingredients

Long-Term Study of Benthic Communities on the Continental Shelf Off Cameron, Louisiana: A Review of Brine Effects and Hypoxia

A long-term data set compiled from our studies and a variety of investigations was analyzed to determine the effects of nine years of discharged brine (concentrated salt water) on benthic organisms surrounding a brine diffuser off Cameron, Louisiana (USA). These investigations began three months before brine discharge was initiated in 1981. A preliminary summary by Giammona and Darnell (1990) relied on just three years of discharge data and gave misleading reports of brine impacts. Brine effects over the nine years of study were minimal, in part because the fine sediments of the study area were numerically dominated by opportunistic species. mostly estuarine taxa, that showed dramatic population fluctuations both spatially and temporally. These fluctuations in benthic densities were the most salient characteristic of the study area. They resulted from summer hypoxia and anoxia in bottom waters, not from brine. The hypoxia was related to Mississippi River discharge and subsequent salinity stratification. Hypoxia eliminated some taxa and severely reduced populations of most benthic species. The only significant differences between communities near the diffuser and those outside the influence of its discharged brine resulted from water-column mixing by the discharged brine, which oxygenated waters around the diffuser and stabilized the salinity of bottom water at the stations near the diffuser. This enhanced benthic diversity around the diffuser and resulted in greater populations during some seasons

Martha Smith, Stephen Edds, and Amy Anderson in a Joint Junior Recital

This is the program for the joint voice recital of soprano Martha Jane Smith, bass-baritone Stephen Edds, and soprano Amy Anderson. Pianist Cynthia McDonnough assisted Smith; pianist Sylvia McDonnough assisted Edds; and pianist Cynthia McDonnough assisted Anderson. The recital took place on February 27, 1978, in the Mabee Fine Arts Center Recital Hall

Distribution of glycinergic neurons in the brain of glycine transporter-2 Tg(glyt2:gfp) transgenic adult zebrafish:Relation with brain-spinal descending systems

We used a Tg(glyt2:gfp) transgenic zebrafish expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the glycine transporter 2 (GLYT2) regulatory sequences to study for the first time the glycinergic neurons in the brain of an adult teleost. We also performed in situ hybridization using a GLYT2 probe and glycine immunohistochemistry. This study was combined with biocytin tract tracing from the spinal cord to reveal descending glycinergic pathways. A few groups of GFP-positive/GLYT2 negative cells were observed in the midbrain and forebrain, including numerous pinealocytes. Conversely, a small nucleus of the midbrain tegmentum, was GLYT2 positive but GFP negative. Most of the GFP-positive and GLYT2-positive neurons were observed in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, and a proportion of these cells showed double GLYT2/GFP labeling. In the hindbrain, GFP/GLYT2-positive populations were observed in the medial octavolateral nucleus, the secondary, magnocellular and descending octaval nuclei, the viscerosensory lobes and reticular populations distributed from trigeminal to vagal levels. No glycinergic cells were observed in the cerebellum. Tract tracing revealed three conspicuous pairs of GFP/GLYT2-positive reticular neurons projecting to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, GFP/GLYT2-positive cells were observed in the dorsal and ventral horns. GFP-positive fibers were observed from the olfactory bulbs to the spinal cord, although its density varied among regions. The Mauthner neurons received very rich GFP-positive innervation, mainly around the axon cap. Comparison of the zebrafish glycinergic system with those of other adult vertebrates reveals shared patterns but also divergent traits in the evolution of this system. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc