Preventing microbial infections with natural phenolic compounds

The struggle between humans and pathogens has taken and is continuing to take countless lives every year. As the misusage of conventional antibiotics increases, the complexity associated with the resistance mechanisms of pathogens has been evolving into gradually more clever mechanisms, diminishing the effectiveness of antibiotics. Hence, there is a growing interest in discovering novel and reliable therapeutics able to struggle with the infection, circumvent the resistance and defend the natural microbiome. In this regard, nature-derived phenolic compounds are gaining considerable attention due to their potential safety and therapeutic effect. Phenolic compounds comprise numerous and widely distributed groups with different biological activities attributed mainly to their structure. Investigations have revealed that phenolic compounds from natural sources exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against various clinically relevant pathogens associated with microbial infection and sensitize multi-drug resistance strains to bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics. This review outlines the current knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds from various natural sources, with a particular focus on the structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of actions of each class of natural phenolic compounds, including simple phenols, phenolic acids, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignans, quinones, and curcuminoids.The authors acknowledge the financial support by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the doctoral grant and junior research contract with the reference number PD/BD/150521/2019 (K.E.) and CEECIND/01026/2018 (J.M.S.), respectively

Estimating the Impact of the Recent Economic Crisis on Work Time in Turkey

This paper provides estimates of the impact of the recent economic crisis on paid and unpaid work time in Turkey. The data used in this study come from the first and only time-use survey available at the national level. Infrequency of collection of time-use data in Turkey does not allow us to make a direct comparison of pre-versus postcrisis time-use patterns. We introduce a tractable way for estimating these possible effects by measuring the impact of an increase in unemployment risk on time-use patterns of women and men living in couple households. The method developed here can be applied to other developing-country cases where there is a lack of longitudinal data availability. Our findings support the argument that economic crises reinforce the preexisting gender inequalities in work time

Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae Displays a Prevalent Surface Structure Molecular Pattern in Clinical Isolates

Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a Gram negative pathogen that causes acute respiratory infections and is associated with the progression of chronic respiratory diseases. Previous studies have established the existence of a remarkable genetic variability among NTHi strains. In this study we show that, in spite of a high level of genetic heterogeneity, NTHi clinical isolates display a prevalent molecular feature, which could confer fitness during infectious processes. A total of 111 non-isogenic NTHi strains from an identical number of patients, isolated in two distinct geographical locations in the same period of time, were used to analyse nine genes encoding bacterial surface molecules, and revealed the existence of one highly prevalent molecular pattern (lgtF+, lic2A+, lic1D+, lic3A+, lic3B+, siaA−, lic2C+, ompP5+, oapA+) displayed by 94.6% of isolates. Such a genetic profile was associated with a higher bacterial resistance to serum mediated killing and enhanced adherence to human respiratory epithelial cells

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

The Method of Leakage Policy Development

Abstract: Drinking, using and irrigating water are delivered to the subscription using a transmission system after going out of the source. Water is delivered to subscription using main pipes-storage, networks, house connections, housing installation complex and sort of pipes, values, suckers and professional meters. This way sometimes covers hundreds or even thousands km. Water known as flowing liquid, is not enough to reach its place physically. It is necessary for water to reach its place in a safety healthy and sufficient way. It is impossible to reduce leakage water into lowest level for system of supplying water. The only thing to be done for leakage water is to keep up it at the same level. There is no way to reduce the leakage water under the level of 5% even on the well organized and well managed transmission system. Today; to keep the leakage water at the level of 15 % is a big success. Many cities, towns and countries are delivered to water taken off sources, to it is subscription after loosing. It is 30 % and 65 % on the way. The water reached to it is subscription is sometimes inefficient or unhealthy for people. It is necessary to choose and practice rational method in order to find out the level of leakage water