Reading notation with Gestalt perception principles: Gestalt algı ilkeleri ile notasyon okuma

Based on the idea that Gestalt psychology is ‘more than all the components that make up it’, the emphasis is on the similarities of the brain's functioning during perception, as in reading text. Just as the brain perceives similar letters as holistic rather than one by one, it can be predicted that this happens during the musician's reading score. Parallel to Gestalt auditory perception research, musicians are thought to benefit from Gestalt perception principles, without consciousness, in the first reading (sight-reading) of notes and later in practice. However, conscious perception of these principles by musicians may be considered to contribute positively during and after their sight-reading. The aim of this study is to explain various Gestalt perception principles which are supposed to be related to music and to reveal examples of these principles on notation reading. The data obtained from the qualitative research methods through literature review were explained with six basic laws, “Figure–Ground”, “Proximity”, “Similarity”, “Symmetry”, “Simplicity” and “Continuity”. In the creation of the samples, the principles of visual perception and the motif, sentence period structures and analyzes, tonic - dominant sentence expressions, tempo and nuance terms that are also included in the auditory perception in music have been related, and it has been attached importance to its concretization with visual perception. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Gestalt psikolojinin, ‘bütün, kendisini oluşturan parçaların bir araya gelmesinden daha fazlasıdır’ düşüncesi ile yola çıkarak, tıpkı metin okumada olduğu gibi, nota okumada da beynin algılama esnasındaki işleyişlerinin benzerliklerine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Nasıl ki, beyin birbirine benzer harfleri tek tek okumak yerine bütüncül olarak algılamaktaysa, söz konusu bu durumun müzisyenlerin nota okuma sırasında da gerçekleşmekte olduğu öngörülebilir. Gestalt işitsel algı araştırmalarına paralel olarak, müzisyenlerin nota ilk okuma (deşifre) ve daha sonraki pratiklerinde, Gestalt algı ilkelerinden, bilincinde olmaksızın, faydalandıkları düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte müzisyenler tarafından bu ilkelerin bilinçli olarak algılanması, onların deşifre yapmaları sırasında ve sonraki performanslarında, olumlu yönde katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülebilir. Bu araştırma, müzik ile ilişkili olabileceği varsayılan çeşitli Gestalt algı ilkelerini açıklayarak, bu ilkelerin notasyon okuma üzerindeki örneklerini ortaya koyma amacını taşımaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması yoluyla elde edilen veriler Gestalt algı ilkelerinden “Şekil–Zemin”, “Yakınlık”, “Benzerlik”, “Simetri” “Basitlik” ve “Süreklilik” olmak üzere altı temel yasa ile açıklanmış, notasyon üzerinde örneklendirilmiştir. Örneklerin oluşturulmasında, görsel algı ilkeleri ile müzikteki işitsel algıda da yer alan motif, cümle dönem yapıları ve analizleri, tonik – dominant cümle ifadeleri, tempo ve nüans terimleri ilişkilendirilmiş, görsel algı ile somutlaştırılmasına önem verilmiştir

The Evaluation of Renal Osteodystrophy in Patients on Hemodialysis by Biochemical and Radiological Methods

Aim: We planned this study in order to evaluate the radiological and biochemical parameters that may be useful in the early diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy in the patients with chronic renal failure, prospectively. Meterial and Methods: In this study, 50 cases on hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure were included and 50 cases without renal and bone pathology were included as control group. Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkalen phosphatase, βm, osteocalcin (BGP) and intact parathormon (iPTH) were measured. Right hand graphies of both case and control groups were taken by magnifying techniques. Bone mineral densities (BMD) of lumbar vertebra and femur neck were calculated by DEXA method. Results: The average disease duration and the average of duration of hemodialysis of cases were 8.38±5.61years and 6.9±4.01years, respectively. There were signi cant differences between case and control groups in all biochemical parameters, except calcium levels (p<0.05). There were a negative correlation between iPTH and BMD (r=-0.4, p<0.05), and pozitif correlations between iPTH and BGP (r=0.6, p<0.05), and between PTH and β-m (r=0.5, p<0.05). A low level negative but statistically signi cant correlation between dialysis duration and femur neck bone mineral density was determined (r=0.2, p<0.05). There were positive correlations between dialysis duration and PTH levels (r:0.3, p<0.05), and between dialysis duration and β2 m (r=0.4, p<0.05). In the hand graphies, osteopenia, subperiostal resorption, radial artery calci cation and endoosteal resorption were seen. Ostepenia was determined in 80% of our cases, however, subperiostal resorption was found in 58% of patients. The cases that had iPTH levels over than 200 pg/ml and cases that have osteopenia have sensitivity of 93% and spesi ty of 92% for RO diagnosis. Sensitivity and spesi ty for high iPTH-BGP levels were 90.3% and 87%, respectively. Sensitivity and spesi ty in the evaluation of high iPTH-subperiostal resorption were 83.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Measure of iPTH, BMD, BGP and evaluation of hand graphies may be used in early diagnosis and follow-up of RO. (Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis 2013;19: 7-11

Whole rock and spinel compositions of serpentinized peridotites from the Divriği-Sivas region, eastern Turkey: Implications for their tectonic setting

In this study we investigate the spinel and whole rock chemistry of ultramafic rocks in the Divriği-Sivas region hosting one of the largest ophiolite suites in Turkey, which were emplaced following the convergence between the African and Eurasian plates in the Late Cretaceous. The ophiolitic mélange (Güneş Ophiolite) in Divriği is composed of ultramafic rocks, amphibolites, sub-ophiolitic metamorphic rocks and calc-silicates. The ultramafic rock section is made up of serpentinized wehrlites overlain by irregular segregations of pyroxenite levels. Whole rock chemistry of Divriği wehrlites resembles serpentinized peridotites in Himalayas. They have high MgO (average 31.27 wt%) and low Al2O3 (average 0.56 wt%) concentrations and Mg/Si and Al/Si ratios imply that peridotites formed in a supra-subduction zone environment. The U-shaped REE patterns of serpentinized wehrlites are formed by partial melting, coupled with interaction between peridotite and hydrous melts in the mantle wedge. The spinels collected from serpentinized wehrlites show compositions ranging from chromite in the core to ferritchromite and Cr-magnetite at the rims and have high Cr2O3 (46.5–56.2 wt%) and very low TiO2 contents (%35). Parental melt compositions computed (8.69–11.71 wt% for Al2O3 and 0.1 to 0.37 wt% for TiO2) from chromite-melt equilibrium conditions yield a boninitic affinity. Our data suggest that spinels from serpentinized wehrlites in the Divriği area are similar to peridotite xenoliths from the Kamchatka arc and West Bismarck

Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Minimal İnvaziv Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Minimal invaziv diş hekimliği, yeni problemlerin ortaya çıkmasını önleyen, karyojenik florayı azaltmayı hedefleyen, minimal maddekaybı ile tedaviyi hedefleyen yaklaşımdır. Minimal invaziv diş hekimliğinin popülerliği diş hekimliğinde kullanılan materyallerin veadeziv sistemlerin gelişmesi ile artmıştır. Konvansiyonel diş tedavilerinde döner aletlerin kullanılması nedeniyle sağlıklı dokuuzaklaştırılabilmekte ve bu tedavilerde anestezi gerekliliği özellikle çocuk hastalarda tedaviye uyumu zorlaştırabilmektedir. Minimalinvaziv tedavi yaklaşımda bu durum ortadan kalkmaktadır ve çocuk hastaların kooperasyonu artmaktadır. Minimal invaziv diş hekimliğiçocuklarda da kolayca kabul edilen, geleneksel tedavilere göre daha az invaziv bir yaklaşımı temsil eder. Bu yaklaşım, çürüğün erkenteşhisinin ve tedavisinin büyük önem taşıdığı bir prensibi benimser. Bu sayede gereksiz diş dokusu kaybı önlenir ve doğru tedaviyöntemleri belirlenir. Mikro düzeyde tedavi ile irreversibl hasarın onarımı, minimal invaziv diş hekimliğinin bir parçasıdır. Bu makalenintemel amacı, güncel literatür taramasıyla desteklenen bir rehberlikle çocuk diş hekimliği alanında minimal invaziv diş hekimliğiilkelerinin uygulanışını açıklamaktır.&nbsp;Minimal invasive dentistry is an approach aimed at preventing the emergence of new problems, reducing cariogenic flora, and targetingtreatment with minimal material loss. The popularity of minimal invasive dentistry has increased with the development of dentalmaterials and adhesive systems. In conventional dental treatments, the use of rotary instruments can lead to the removal of healthytissue, and the need for anesthesia in these treatments can be challenging, especially in pediatric patients. This issue is eliminated inthe minimal invasive treatment approach, and the cooperation of pediatric patients is improved. Minimal invasive dentistry representsan approach easily accepted in children, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional treatments. This approach embraces theprinciple that early diagnosis and treatment of decay are crucial. This prevents unnecessary loss of dental tissue and determines thecorrect treatment methods. Repairing irreversible damage at the micro level is part of minimal invasive dentistry. The main purposeof this article is to explain the application of minimal invasive dentistry principles in pediatric dentistry, supported by a current literaturereview. </p

Triazoloquinoxaline Bearing Copolymer for Electrochromic and Organic Photovoltaic Applications

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted considerable interest due to their tunable electronic and optical properties via combination of different subgroups. These certain advantages increase the popularity of these materials and in recent years they have been widely used as active materials in different fields such as; electrochromic devices (ECDs) [1], light emitting diodes (OLEDs) [2] and photovoltaic devices (OPVs) [3]. For these variety of applications, combining donor and acceptor groups in the polymer backbone enhances D–A interactions and lower the band gap which is a crucial property

The effect of lateral pectoral nerve sparing technique and radiotherapy on the pectoralis major muscle applied with modified radical mastectomy

Summary: Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate with electromyography (EMG) the effect of lateral pectoral nerve sparing technique (LPNST) and radiotherapy (RT) on the lateral pectoral nerve (LPN) in patients applied with modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Methods: The study included 66 patients who underwent MRM surgery. The patients were separated into 2 groups as those applied with LPNST and those who underwent standard surgery (Control group). Within these 2 groups, patients were again separated as those who received or did not receive RT. The EMG evaluations were made by a neurology specialist blinded to the patient groups. Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.3 ± 10.6 years. Standard surgery was applied to 33 (50%) patients and LPNST to 33 (50%) patients, RT was applied to 32 (48.5%) patients and not to 34 (51.5%) patients. In the EMG evaluation, latency was 2.1 ms (1.4–3.2) in the LPNST and 3.7 ms (1.9–12.4) in the control (p 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that electromyographically the latency and amplitude values were better protected in the LPNST group. It was also seen that RT increased the formation of nerve damage in both groups. Keywords: Modified radical mastectomy, Radiotherapy, Electromyography, Lateral pectoral nerve, Pectoralis major muscl