Passive Hyperthermia Therapy Similarly Reduces Arterial Blood Pressure in Obese Type 2 Diabetic and Healthy Individuals

Diabetes which is associated with impaired glycemic control, can damage macro and microvasculature, and impair vascular relaxation (i.e., endothelial dysfunction). The high thermal conductance of hot water will cause thermoregulatory adjustments that increase cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume while reducing central venous pressure. This project tested the hypothesis that an acute bout of hot water hyperthermia will reduce arterial blood pressure during and following the exposure, but the response will be attenuated in obese type 2 diabetics. Eleven obese type 2 diabetics (T2D) (50.1 ± 12 y, 45 ± 7.1% fat mass, 7.5 ± 1.8% HbA1C) and nine similarly aged healthy controls (HC) (41.1 ± 13.7y; P=0.185, 33.4 ± 7.8% fat mass; P=0.009, 5.3 ± 0.4%, HbA1C; P=0.007) with similar resting blood pressures (T2D: 125 ± 27/ 77 ± 14, HC: 122 ± 14/ 81 ± 10, P\u3e0.05) were assessed. Subjects underwent a whole body passive heated stress (1 hour resting in 39.4 ± 0.4°C water) followed by 1 hour post immersion sitting recovery under normal ambient temperatures. Both groups were similarly heat stressed (∆Tre, 1.4 ± 0.4°; ∆Tsk, 6.5 ± 0.8; and ∆HR from rest, 33.5 ± 8.3 bpm) at the end of hot water immersion. In comparison to pre-immersion values, there was no interactive effect for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, time x group; P=0.145). In both groups MAP was reduced (Presults in similar hypotensive responses between groups. Thus, passive heat stress may offer a therapeutic benefit to both healthy and diabetic populations

Charles A. Dana, the Civil War Era, and American Republicanism

When Charles A. Dana bought the New York Sun in 1868, he used it to support the presidential candidacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the Republican Party ticket to unify the post-Civil War nation. After a victory for the Civil War general and Republican Party, though, the first fifteen months of the new administration turned the editor against the president and his party. Dana’s Sun criticized Grant and his allies as corrupt, of using the military for political ends, and of growing the size and power of government beyond traditional American practice. Against the backdrop of Reconstruction, Dana also decried the Grant administration’s foreign policy, especially regarding the ongoing war in Cuba. This dissertation explores how Dana’s interpretation of republican values clashed with the American response to transatlantic politics to justify further criticism of the president and his party between March 1869 and the election of 1872

Tolerance to mutations in the foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin-binding RGD region is different in cultured cells and in vivo and depends on the capsid sequence context.

Engineered RNAs carrying substitutions in the integrin receptor-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were constructed (aa 141-147 of VP1 capsid protein) and their infectivity was assayed in cultured cells and suckling mice. The effect of these changes was studied in the capsid proteins of two FMDVs, C-S8c1, which enters cells through integrins, and 213hs(-), a derivative highly adapted to cell culture whose ability to infect cells using the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) as receptor, acquired by multiple passage on BHK-21 cells, has been abolished. The capsid sequence context determined infectivity in cultured cells and directed the selection of additional replacements in structural proteins. Interestingly, a viral population derived from a C-S8c1/L144A mutant, carrying only three substitutions in the capsid, was able to expand tropism to wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt)glycosaminoglycan-deficient CHO cells. In contrast, the 213hs(-) capsid tolerated all substitutions analysed with no additional mutations, and the viruses recovered maintained the ability of the 213hs(-) parental virus to infect wt and mt CHO cells. Viruses derived from C-S8c1 with atypical RGD regions were virulent and transmissible for mice with no other changes in the capsid. Substitution of Asp143 for Ala in the C-S8c1 capsid eliminated infectivity in cultured cells and mice. Co-inoculation with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the type C FMDV RGD region abolished infectivity of C-S8c1 virus on suckling mice, suggesting that FMDV can infect mice using integrins. Sequence requirements imposed for viral entry in vitro and in vivo are discussed

Hyperthermia Does Not Alter Baroreflex Control Of Heart Rate During Central Hypovolemia Associated With Simulated Hemorrhage. .

Baroreceptors modulate arterial blood pressure through neural control of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. Hyperthermia reduces tolerance to central hypovolemia, however hyperthermia itself does not alter baroreflex control of heart rate or muscle sympathetic nerve activity. The combined influence of hyperthermia and profound central hypovolemia on baroreflex function remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that baroreflex sensitivity (as indexed from ∆ heart rate /∆ blood pressure) would be reduced in hyperthermia compared to normothermia during central hypovolemia. Twelve healthy males (32 ± 5 y) underwent central hypovolemia to pre-syncope, which was induced via progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP), during normothermia and, on a separate day (randomized, counter balanced) during hyperthermia (+1.2 ± 0.1°C increase in internal temperature). Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed during the final full stage of LBNP completed, and during a 30 second period immediately preceding any bradycardia prior to pre-syncope. LBNP during hyperthermia reduced tolerance by ~58% relative to LBNP during normothermia (normothermia: 72mmHg ±20 vs hyperthermia: 42mmHg± 13; P\u3c0.001). During the final full LBNP stage, baroreflex sensitivity was not different between thermal conditions (hyperthermia: 1.9 ± 1.6 bpm/mmHg, normothermia: 2.4 ± 1.5 bpm/mmHg, p=0.46). Likewise, just prior to pre-syncope baroreflex sensitivity between thermal conditions was not different (hyperthermia: 1.0±1.3 bpm/mmHg, normothermia: 1.5±1.1 bpm/mmHg; p=0.10). These data indicate that during profound central hypovolemia baroreflex control of heart rate is unaffected by hyperthermia. Thus, reductions in the capacity to tolerate central hypovolemia while hyperthermic is not related to altered baroreflex control of heart rate

Clasificacion de productos a traves de analisis cluster en una empresa del rubro automotriz

128 p.La información que es posible generar en toda organización resulta ser muy importante para llevar a cabo una adecuada toma de decisiones, lo cual es una tarea vital para cualquier empresa que desea mantenerse en el tiempo. En ese sentido, el cómo puede adquirirse información en base a los datos generados por las actividades realizadas por un área específica, torna de ideas y respuestas no siempre aplicables totalmente. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo una metodología de Análisis Cluster, basada en los conceptos del estudio multivariante que permite examinar diferentes características de objetos, en este caso, productos del rubro automotriz. El objetivo es establecer una clasificación, agrupando los artículos más parecidos entre sí, con el fin de interpretar los grupos generados para así obtener información desconocida hasta el momento. Los resultados del proyecto representan una excelente guía, tanto para replicar estudios similares como para generar estrategias a futuro. Se realiza la selección de un método de clasificación mixto que permite solucionar ciertos problemas, que permiten un resultado favorable y novedoso. Obteniendo así un horizonte novedoso para agrupaciones existentes en la empresa

Sex Difference in Cardiorespiratory Stress from High-Intensity Interval Exercise

High-intensity interval exercise is time efficient and has similar cardiorespiratory health benefits as moderate-intensity continuous exercise. However, the prescription of high-intensity exercise may differ between men and women due to sex differences in cardiovascular function. PURPOSE: Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether sex differences exist for absolute and relative oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) when exercise was performed at a percentage of maximal cycling work rate measured in watts (Wmax). METHODS: We recruited 8 active college-aged participants (5 men, 3 women). Participants completed an incremental maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer while VO2, HR, and Wmax were recorded. On a separate day, participants completed a high intensity interval session (4 min bouts with 3 min active recovery) prescribed at 65%Wmax for each bout and at 15%Wmax for the recovery. VO2, HR, and W were averaged from the last minute of each exercise bout for analysis using an independent t-test for sex comparisons. Data are reported in means ± standard deviations and significance was set at PRESULTS: Men exercised at a greater absolute workload than women during interval exercise (191±14 vs. 95±15 W; P2 was higher in men than women during exercise (2.7±0.4 vs. 1.5±0.3 L/min; PP=0.23). Relative VO2 (67±11 vs. 74±6 %VO2max; P=0.15) and HR (95±3 vs. 93±3 %HRmax; P=0.30) were also similar during exercise between sexes. CONCLUSION: In summary, these preliminary data suggest prescribing high-intensity interval exercise at a percentage of maximal work rate results in similar relative cardiorespiratory stress between men and women

Visual Detection of Speckles in the Fish Xenotoca variata by the Predatory Snake Thamnophis melanogaster in Water of Different Turbidity

The results of this study suggest that speckles on male X. variata are visual signals to potential predators such as the snake T. melanogaster. However, speckles are not a determining factor; snakes display a higher frequency of predatory behavior toward the fish, but their predatory behavior is influenced by water turbidity. Turbidity is considered a constraint that affects foraging in aquatic predators such as the snake T. melanogaster because it is involved in the visual identification of potential prey and capture success. Further experiments are needed to test the direct influence of snake predation on variation in sexual traits, such as the number of speckles on the flanks of male X. variata. Therefore, natural selection caused by predation may constrain the development of sexually dimorphic traits in X. variata, as suggested by other studies showing that male secondary sexual traits often increase the risk of predationSemi-aquatic snakes integrate visual and chemical stimuli, and prey detection and capture success are therefore linked to the display of visual predatory behavior. The snake Thamnophis melanogaster responds preferentially to individuals of the fish Xenotoca variata with a greater number of bright, colorful spots (lateral speckles) compared with those with a smaller number; however, water turbidity can reduce underwater visibility and effect the vulnerability of fish. In this study, we tested whether the presence of iridescent speckles on the flanks of male X. variata interacted with water turbidity to modify the predatory behavior displayed by the snake T. melanogaster.We predicted that in an experimental laboratory test, the snakes would increase the frequency of their predatory behavior to the extent that the water turbidity decreases. The snakes were tested at six different levels of water turbidity, in combination with three categories of male fish (with few, a median number of, or many speckles). The results showed that in a pool with high or zero turbidity, the number of speckles is not a determining factor in the deployment of the predatory behavior of the snake T. melanogaster toward X. variata. Our findings suggest that snakes can view the fish at intermediate percentages of turbidity, but the number of speckles in male X. variata is irrelevant as an interspecific visual signal in environments with insufficient luminosity. The successful capture of aquatic prey is influenced by integration between chemical and visual signals, according to environmental factors that may influence the recognition of individual traits.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (2865/2010, 2663/2013, 3589/2013S

A Study Comparing Pre-Ingested L-Leucine and L-Isoleucine on Glycemic Responses in Healthy Inactive Adults: Preliminary Data.

Background The co-ingestion of amino acids with a glucose drink has been shown to blunt the elevated post-prandial glucose response. Though not entirely clear, some suggest amino acids will facilitate an incretin-driven insulin response that improves glucose sensitivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the “priming” effect of pre-ingested amino acids on glycemic control in healthy inactive adults. We present here some preliminary data from 7 adults. Hypothesis We hypothesize that the pre-ingested amino acids would attenuate the post-prandial rise in glucose during a 75 g glucose tolerance test. Methods To test this, seven healthy adults (Females: n =4, Males: n=3, Age 27.17 ± 4.7 y; Height 165.84 ± 9.53 cm; Weight 82.47 ± 14.63 kg; BMI 30.14 ± 7.54 kg/m2; Lean body mass (LBM) 56.83 ± 20.56 kg; Fasting blood glucose (FBG) 87.43 ± 5.29 mg/dL) completed four trials in a randomized, single blinded fashion. The four trials required participants to ingest either Leucine (LEU), L-Isoleucine (ISO), an equal combination of LEU/ISO combined and lastly a control. Each treatment was ingested 30-min prior to a 2 h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The amino acid drink (200 mL) was standardized by the participant LBM (0.3g/kg) while the control consisted of inert stevia and non-amino acid ingredients found in equal amounts as other treatment mixtures (3.54 g). Venous blood samples were taken at baseline, and at 10, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, and 150-min post-treatment and 75 g glucose drink. Because data collection is ongoing, the researchers are still blinded to the composition of the amino acid drinks and thus results are presented as: Red A, Green B, Yellow C, and control (White D). Plasma glucose (GLU) was analyzed using a YSI 2900 analyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments) and insulin (INS), glucagon (GCG), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were quantified by fluorescent bead-based technology (MAGPIX, Luminex xMAP technology). A 2-way RMANOVA was used to assess glucose data (Graphpad Software). Results Pre-ingestion of amino acid had no significant treatment effect on GLU compared to control (P = 0.5912). Currently, only 2 individuals have been analyzed for insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1Active, and GIPTotal. However, we observed early and promising, non-statistical supported differences in concentrations between trials of insulin (Red A, Yellow C \u3e Green B, White D), GLP-1Active (Red A, Green B, Yellow C \u3e White D), and GIPTotal (Red A \u3e Green B, Yellow C, White D). Conclusion Based on these preliminary results, it appears that pre-ingestion of an amino acid drink does not influence glucose control in healthy and inactive young adults. It remains to be seen if pre-ingestion of the amino acids LEU and ISO, have any definitive effect on incretin secretion or subsequent insulin and glucagon responses

Aislamiento de desintegrinas de Crotalus totonacus y caracterización toxicológica de su veneno.

Las serpientes conforman el grupo de vertebrados con mayor numero de especies venenosas (Mackessy, 2010). El veneno de serpiente, contiene secreciones compuestas principalmente por una mezcla de péptidos y proteínas (Kochva et al., 1980; Markland, 1997; Meebs, 2002; Doley y Kini, 2009), producidas en glándulas cefálicas especializadas (Mackessy, 2010). El veneno puede contener hasta 100 proteínas incluyendo isoformas, aunque la mayoría de los componentes pueden ser clasificados dentro de 10-15 familias proteicas (Sanz et al., 2006; Calvete et al., 2007). En el caso de serpientes de cascabel, las familias proteicas predominantes son: las L-aminoacido oxidasas (LAAO), fosfodiesterasas (PDE), metaloproteasas (SVMP), serinproteasas (SVSP) y fosfolipasas A2 (PLA2), compuestos no enzimáticos como homólogos de miotoxina a, desintegrinas, péptidos secretorios ricos en cisteína (CRiSPs) y lectinas tipo C (Mackessy, 2008; Mackessy, 2010)

No Sex Effect on Cerebral Blood Flow Hemodynamics During Post-Exercise Hyperthermia

Females have greater orthostatic intolerance and increased adrenergic sensitivity to passive heat stress compared to males. It is unknown how cerebral blood flow is affected during post-exercise recovery from exercise heat stress. PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that females would have lower middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAvmean) during recovery from exercise hyperthermia. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy active adult (7 day activity: 8620±3008 steps/day; VO2max: 49±10 mL/kg/min) subjects (11M/11F, 22.4±4.9y, 169±7.55cm, 68.3±13kg) exercised at a similar metabolic heat production (M: 7.1±1.5 W/kg and F: 6.9±1.4 W/kg; P=0.32) for 60 minutes (cycle ergometer) in cool (24±0.0 ⁰C; 14.4±3.6 %Rh) and hot (42.3±0.2 ⁰C; 27.9±5.5 %Rh) conditions in random order with a 7 day washout. During 1-hour recovery post-exercise, Transcranial Doppler examined MCAvmean, pulsatility index (PI) and intracranial pressure (ICP). Systemic vascular responses for mean arterial pressure (MAP), augmentation index (Alx), pulse wave velocity (PWV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and changes in intestinal temperature (ΔTin) and heart rate (ΔHR) were measured during 1-hour recovery. Area under the curve (AUC) for each variable were analyzed using a mixed model 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for interaction (I) and main effects (ME) for Condition x Sex. Data are reported in means ±SD and Alpha priori was set at PRESULTS: Exercise thermal (ΔTin, Cool: Δ0.5±0.1⁰C, Hot: Δ1.5±0.6⁰C; ME: Condition; PPmean, that was lower in hot compared to cool (ME: Condition; PPPPCONCLUSION: These data suggest that no sex difference exists for MCAvmean during recovery from exercise hyperthermia; however, both sexes had lower MCAvmean in hot compared to cool conditions. Nonetheless, the peripheral vascular mechanisms for this attenuation may differ as females have lower arterial stiffness and higher SVR