Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition

A mixed methods study was undertaken in the Kachia Grazing Reserve of northern Nigeria. Surveys in March, June and October 2011 included focus group discussions, key informant and in-depth household interviews, concerning livelihood practices, animal health, ownership, and productivity. In May 2011, 249 Fulani families fleeing post-election violence entered the reserve with their livestock, increasing the number of households by one third.Despite being settled within a grazing reserve, over half of households sent all their cattle away on seasonal transhumance and another third sent some away. Cattle accounted for 96% of total tropical livestock units (TLU), of which 26% were cattle kept permanently outside the reserve. While all households cited livestock as their main source of income, 90% grew crops and 55% derived income from off-farm activities. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that for each extra member of a household its TLU value increased by 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4-2.7], while for each additional marriage its TLU increased by 15.7 [95% CI, 7.1-24.3]. A strong association was also observed between small herds, small households with only one wife, alongside marked geographical wealth differences within the reserve. New immigrant families had larger household sizes (33) and livestock holdings (122 TLU) than old settlers (22 people and 67 TLU). Prior to the mass immigration, the distribution of TLU per person was unimodal: 41% of households were classified as 'poor' and 27% as 'medium', whereas post-immigration it was bi-modal, with 26% classified as 'very poor' and 28% as 'medium'.While cattle remain the principal source of Fulani income and wealth, the inhabitants of Kachia Grazing Reserve have diversified their livelihood strategies to respond to changing circumstances and stress, especially the limited availability of grazing within the reserve and political insecurity outside, resulting in continued transhumance, the maintenance of smaller livestock holdings and pushing households into poverty

EFFECT OF Dactyladenia barteri (Hook. f. ex Oliv.), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), and Senna siamea (Lam.) MULCHES ON EARTHWORM ACTIVITY AND NUTRIENT TURNOVER IN CASTS

A two year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of prunings of Dactyladenia barteri (Hook. f. ex Oliv.), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), and Senna siamea (Lam.) on the activity of earthworms and soil and worm cast properties. Earthworm activity was measured by quantifying worm casts deposited at the soil surface. Results of the study showed that the effect of the different mulches on earthworm activity was similar. The cumulative trend in surface cast production was also similar under the different mulches. Irrespective of the type of mulch and the year of sampling, the concentration of nutrient elements were significantly (P = 0.05) higher in worm casts relative to uningested soil. Worm casts contain 2 – 3 times more Ca, 2 – 3 times more Mg, 3 – 4 times more K, 5 – 6 times more N and 2 – 5 times more organic C than the top 5 cm of the soil. [Niger Agric. J. 34 (2003): 27-35

MULCHING EFFECT OF Dactyladenia barteri (Hook. f. ex Oliv.), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), and Senna siamea (Lam.) LEAVES ON SOIL TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE REGIME AND YIELD OF MAIZE

A two-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulches of multipurpose trees on soil properties and yield of maize. The field layout was a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Results of the study showed that the mulching effect of the prunings was highest with Dactyladenia barteri and lowest with Leucaena leucocephala. Moisture tension less than 50 hPa were more frequent under Dactyladenia barteri at 10cm and Senna siamea at 30cm soil depth. There were significant increases in maize grain yield over the control in both years. Mulching effect on grain yield was higher in the second season cropping than in the first season cropping. The effect of mulch applied at the start of the first season cropping on second season grain yield was highest under mulches of Leucaena leucocephala and Dactyladenia barteri. [Niger Agric. J. 34 (2003): 36-43

Theses on the philosophy of history: the work of research in the age of digital searchability and distributability

What is it to conduct research in the second decade of the 21st century? What is the nature (or what are the modalities) of the work that we as researchers do? What is research as a praxis? And how have recent shifts in paradigms of knowledge generation and distribution ? especially around the archive and the Internet, and the Internet as archival ? transformed profoundly what we as researchers do, how we do it, and in fact even our very capacity to do it? In this article, I begin from the idea of research as a praxis, and from the figure of the researcher as a locus for the discovery of knowledges by way of acts of searching and gathering. In 15 theses I engage critically with challenges raised recently for the idea of ?history? as a form of knowledge by our own épistémè of re-search; one whose conditions and conditions of possibility are delineated by the emergence of our late capitalist global algorithmic knowledge economy, and the Internet with its distinct operations of searchability and distributability. Because this is our present moment?s épistémè of re-search, I argue that our being in thrall of the archive has dangerous future consequences: in fact it is perilous for the very idea of the future itself as a category of historical time. Concerned by this situation and thus responding forcefully to it, in offering a few grains of dissent I will ?look with care? at how we might navigate our way fractiously and thus productively through such a predicament