PENGARUH PRETREATMENT BIOLOGIS DAN INOKULUM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE TERHADAP PRODUKSI BROETANOL DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai “Pengaruh Pretreatment Biologis dan Inokulum Saccharomyces cerevisiae Terhadap Produksi Bioetanol dari Sampah Organik”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pretreatment biologis dengan pemberian variasi konsentrasi inokulum Trichoderma viride, serta mengetahui konsentrasi inokulum S. cerevisiae terbaik untuk fermentasi sari sampah dalam menghasilkan alkohol paling tinggi. Desain penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan empat kali pengulangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah penentuan pretreatment biologis selama 9 hari dengan konsentrasi T. viride 0%, 5%, 10% dan 15% (v/v). Tahap kedua adalah proses fermentasi sari sampah selama 6 hari dengan konsentrasi S. cerevisiae 0%, 3%, 5% dan 7% (v/v). Penelitian dilanjutkan dengan fermentasi skala pilot pada kondisi optimum. Analisis hasil tahap pertama yang dilakukan setiap hari adalah kadar gula pereduksi menggunakan metode Somogyi-Nelson. Sedangkan analisis hasil tahap kedua yang dilakukan setiap 2 hari adalah kadar alkohol menggunakan titrasi asam basa, kadar gula pereduksi menggunakan metode Somogyi-Nelson dan pH menggunakan pH indikator. Analisis kadar etanol pada skala pilot menggunakan Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Hasil pretreatment menunjukan rata-rata kadar gula pereduksi tertinggi dihasilkan oleh T. viride 10% (v/v) setelah inkubasi empat hari yaitu 121,505 mg/ml. Hasil dari tahap kedua, diperoleh rata-rata kadar alkohol tertinggi sebesar 13,46% dengan rata-rata pH 4,4 dan rata-rata kadar gula pereduksi 101,61 mg/ml. Hasil tersebut diperoleh dari konsentrasi inokulum S. cerevisiae 3% setelah inkubasi selama dua hari. Hasil destilasi skala pilot menghasilkan rendemen sebanyak 132 ml dari 1 liter substrat berupa sari sampah. Hasil GC-MS menunjukan bahwa dari rendemen hasil destilasi terkandung etanol sebesar 85,80%. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data, pretreatment biologis dan penambahan konsentrasi inokulum S. cerevisiae berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar bioetanol pada sampah organik

Color Image Segmentation using Automated K-Means clustering with RGB and HSV Color Spaces

Segmentation implies the division of an image into different objects or connected regions that do not overlap Though extensive research has been done in creating many different approaches and algorithms for image segmentation however it is still not very clear to assess whether one algorithm produces more accurate segmentations than another whether it be for a particular image or set of images or more generally for a whole class of images 7 A reliable and accurate segmentation of an image is in general very difficult to achieve by purely automatic means Present researches on image segmentation using clustering algorithms reveals that K-means clustering algorithm so far produces best results but some improvements can be made to improve the results The biggest disadvantage of our heavy usage of k-means clustering is that it means we would have to think of a k each time which really doesn t make too much sense because we would like to algorithm to solve this on his own Therefore we tried to find the K automatically and so create segmentation without any human giving hints to the algorithm So we tried to make the process automatic In this paper the combined segmentation of RGB and HSV color spaces give more accurate segmentation result compared to segmentation of single color space For keeping the k parameter as small as possible we had to keep different intensity levels of the same color on the same segment to estimate the right k automatically for the algorith

Performance Analysis of DSDV, AODV AND AOMDV Routing Protocols Based on Fixed and Mobility Network Model in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is capable of autonomously forming a network without human interaction. Each node in a WSN acts as a router, forwarding data packets to other nodes. Without routing protocols, these routers cannot work together in phase. A central challenge in the design of WSN is the development of routing protocols that can efficiently find routes in a network. The question is which criteria should be considered when selecting a routing protocol, for instance, energy consumption (battery life), bandwidth, or security? We selected energy consumption as this is the most important criterion in WSN. To find out the best routing protocol, we analyzed three routing protocols namely AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc On Demand Multiple Distance Vector), and DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector). Overall performance of these protocols was analyzed by comparing end-to-end delay, throughput, normalized routing load, and energy consumption of the network. This was accomplished by using the Network Simulator, NS-2.34 over IEEE 802.11. The analysis shows that AOMDV is the best routing protocol in terms of energy consumption

The Incident of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (Vap) to Patient with Mechanicalventilation Using Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (Cpis) Indicators

Introduction: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is defined as nosocomial pneumonia that occurs 48 hours after using mechanical ventilation. The incident of VAP in Dr. M. Djamil Padang Hospital was still high when compared to other hospitals that reached only 9%. Nursing intervention that can be used to avoid VAP is endotracheal secretions suctioning. However, the results of the intervention has not been evaluated by using standardized measuring tool. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of signs differences of VAP on first and third day to clients with mechanical ventilation who were performed endotracheal secretions suctioning in ICU Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang 2011. Method: The type of this study was a descriptive analytic. The samples were 15 who had a mechanical ventilation during minimal 3 days. Respondents were derived by Accidental Sampling by using Simplified Version of CPIS as a measuring tool. The statistic test is paired t-test. Result: The result of this study showed that there was a significant difference of the signs of VAP on the first and the third day with p=0,048 (< 0.05). Discussion: There were significant difference on symptom of VAP in mechanically ventilated patient in day 1 and day 3. Simplified version of CPIS was sensitive in early determining VAP. Simplified Version of CPIS are expected to be included in standard procedures of patient management and assessment intervention of endotracheal secretions suctioning

EFEK ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KAMBOJA (Plumeria rubra L.) PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)

Inflammation is a body protective response against tissue injury which can be characterizet by the formation of edema. Frangipani Leaves contain flavanoids, saponins and alkaloids. The flavanoid compound is considered to have a useful effect for healing edema. This research aimed to examine the effects of anti-inflamatory and determined the dose of ethanol extract of the frangipani leaves (Plumeria rubra L.) as an anti-inflammatory  in the rat. The test of anti-inflammatory effect was done by using the Rat Hind Paw Edema method in which test animals it used 15 rats divided into 5 groups: groups I (negative control)  was given Na.CMC 1% w/v, group II (positive control) was given diclofenac sodium, group III, IV and V were given the ethanol extract of the frangipani leaves successive doses of 166,6mg/kgBW, 222,2 mg/kgBW, and 277,7 mg/kgBW, all groups were orally administered. The tested animals were induced carrageenan 1% w/v in intraplantar 0,5 mL and were meansured their foot edema volume before performed before induction as the intial volume (Vo), after induction, and 1 hour after the administration of the dosage form for 5 hours with the intervals of 1 hours using the pletismometer. The research result data were proccessed statistically using on-wey anova. Based of the data analysis showed that the ethanol extract of the frangipani leaves have the activity as the anti-inflammatory and statistically, the assay extract group showed the result not significantly different (p>0,05) against the diclofenac sodium group and a dose of 277,7mg/kgBW possessed the best activity compared to a dose of 166,6mg/kgBW and 222,2mg/kgBW

Sosialisasi Model Project Based Learning Berorientasi Budaya Lokal di Tingkat Sekolah Dasar

SOCIALIZATION OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL ORIENTED TO LOCAL CULTURE AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LEVEL. The goal achieved by the socialization of local culture-based project learning models is to provide teachers insights and skills in teaching with the Project-Based Learning model, which is model-oriented to learner's activities and independence and preserving local culture. It is realized in the learning tools PjBL model-oriented local culture that produces products. This service was conducted at SDN Nayu Barat 2 Surakarta with a target of 17 teachers to implement it. Methods of implementation of devotion include: a) participatory, b) awareness, c) learning (theory and practice), d) mentoring. While the mechanism of implementation of devotion include: a) preparation and b) implementation that includes the presentation of materials, the creation of learning devices with PjBL models, assignments, evaluation, and reflection that ends with the closure

Application of an Efficient Genetic Algorithm for Solving n×m Flow Shop Scheduling Problem Comparing it with Branch and Bound Algorithm and Tabu Search Algorithm

Emergence of advance manufacturing systems such as CAD/CAM, FMS and CIM etc. has increased the importance of the flow shop scheduling. Flow shop scheduling problem is considered NP-hard for m machines and n jobs. In this paper, we develop an efficient genetic algorithm (EGA) for solving n flow shop scheduling problem with makespan as the criterion. The objective of this proposed EGA is to obtain a sequence of jobs and the minimization of the total completion time and waiting time. For finding optimal solution, this EGA is very effective. In large scale problems, the result of the proposed algorithm shows that the efficient genetic algorithm gives high performance comparing with Branch and Bound algorithm and Tabu search algorithm