COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Is it time for water, sanitation and hygiene to climb up the ladder of global priorities?

The authors would like to thank the authors of the freely-usable images from Unsplash and Pixnio included in the Graphical Abstract: photos by Janice-Haney Carr and Dr. Ray Butler (USCDCP), USCDCP and Crystal Thompsom (USAID) on Pixnio; photos by CDC, UN COVID- 19 response and Raymond Hui on Unsplash.Wewould also like to thank the reviewers for their comments and keen interest in this article.In the current pandemic context, it is necessary to remember the lessons learned from previous outbreaks in Africa, where the incidence of other diseases could rise if most resources are directed to tackle the emergency. Improving the access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) could be a win-win strategy, because the lack of these services not only hampers the implementation of preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g. proper handwashing), but it is also connected to high mortality diseases (for example, diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections (LRI)). This study aims to build on the evidence-based link between other LRI andWASH as a proxy for exploring the potential vulnerability of African countries to COVID-19, as well as the role of other socioeconomic variables such as financial sources or demographic factors. The selected methodology combines several machine learning techniques to single out the most representative variables for the analysis, classify the countries according to their capacity to tackle public health emergencies and identify behavioural patterns for each group. Besides, conditional dependences between variables are inferred through a Bayesian network. Results show a strong relationship between low access toWASH services and high LRI mortality rates, and that migrant remittances could significantly improve the access to healthcare and WASH services. However, the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in enhancing WASH facilities in the most vulnerable countries cannot be disregarded, but it is unevenly distributed: for each 50–100 US$of ODA per capita, the probability of directing more than 3 US$ toWASH ranges between 48% (Western Africa) and 8% (Central Africa)

Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study

Background: COVID-19 has the potential to cause substantial disruptions to health services, due to cases overburdening the health system or response measures limiting usual programmatic activities. We aimed to quantify the extent to which disruptions to services for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries with high burdens of these diseases could lead to additional loss of life over the next 5 years. Methods: Assuming a basic reproduction number of 3·0, we constructed four scenarios for possible responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: no action, mitigation for 6 months, suppression for 2 months, or suppression for 1 year. We used established transmission models of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria to estimate the additional impact on health that could be caused in selected settings, either due to COVID-19 interventions limiting activities, or due to the high demand on the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: In high-burden settings, deaths due to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria over 5 years could increase by up to 10%, 20%, and 36%, respectively, compared with if there was no COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest impact on HIV was estimated to be from interruption to antiretroviral therapy, which could occur during a period of high health system demand. For tuberculosis, the greatest impact would be from reductions in timely diagnosis and treatment of new cases, which could result from any prolonged period of COVID-19 suppression interventions. The greatest impact on malaria burden could be as a result of interruption of planned net campaigns. These disruptions could lead to a loss of life-years over 5 years that is of the same order of magnitude as the direct impact from COVID-19 in places with a high burden of malaria and large HIV and tuberculosis epidemics. Interpretation: Maintaining the most critical prevention activities and health-care services for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria could substantially reduce the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, UK Department for International Development, and Medical Research Council

Seizure related accidents and injuries in childhood Acidentes e lesões associados às crises epilépticas na infância

Several studies show that the risk of accidents involving patients with epilepsy is much higher compared to the general population. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency and type of seizure related injuries in children diagnosed with epilepsy. In addition we also assessed possible risk factors associated with this seizure related accidents in childhood. This study was conducted at the pediatric epilepsy clinic of Unicamp, from January 2005 to August 2006. We evaluated 100 consecutive children with epilepsy. Parents were interviewed by one of the authors using a structured questionnaire that included questions about seizure related accidents and related injuries. Forty-four patients reported seizure related accidents. Eighteen patients needed medical assistance at an emergency room due the severity of their seizure related accident. Forty patients reported having a seizure related accident prevented by a bystander. Another 14 patients reported avoiding a seizure related accident by luck alone. Contusions and lacerations were the most common type of lesion associated with seizures. Patients with symptomatic/probable symptomatic epilepsy and those using higher numbers of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were at greater risk for seizure related accidents (p<0.05). We conclude that patients with symptomatic/probable symptomatic epilepsy and on multiple AEDs are at increased risk of seizure related accidents. Parents and caretakers should be even more cautious about risk of injury in such patients.<br>Vários estudos mostram que o risco de acidentes envolvendo pacientes com epilepsia é muito maior do que na população geral. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar a freqüência e tipo de acidentes relacionados a crises epilépticas em crianças com diagnóstico de epilepsia. Além disso, também avaliamos os fatores de risco associados às crises epilépticas na infância. Esse estudo foi realizado em nosso ambulatorio de epilepsia infantil da Unicamp, no período de janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2006. Avaliamos 100 pacientes consecutivos. Os pacientes foram entrevistados por um dos autores, utilizando-se um questionário sobre acidentes e lesões associadas às crises epilépticas. Quarenta e quatro pacientes apresentaram acidentes relacionados às crises epilépticas. Dezoito pacientes precisaram assistencia médica em pronto socorro devido à gravidade das lesões. Quarenta pacientes relataram que um acidente foi evitado devido ao socorro de uma outra pessoa. Outros 14 pacientes relataram que um acidente foi evitado apenas por sorte. Contusões e lacerações foram os tipos de lesão mais comuns. Pacientes com epilepsia sintomática ou provavelmente sintomática, e pacientes em uso de politerapia apresentaram maior risco de acidentes relacionados às crises epilepticas (p<0.05). Concluímos que pacientes com epilepsia sintomática/provavelmente sintomática em uso de politerapia apresentam risco de acidentes elevado. Familiares e cuidadores desses pacientes devem ser ainda mais cautelosos sobre o risco de lesão associada às crises epilépticas