Constructal design of I-shaped high conductive pathway for cooling a heat-generating medium considering the thermal contact resistance

This study applies the constructal design method to obtain the configuration that provides the easier access to the heat flowing through an I-shaped high conductive pathway which is inserted into a volumetric medium with low thermal conductivity and heat-generating. A third material separates the high conductive material from the heat-generating medium representing the thermal contact resistance. The body is cooled by an isothermal heat sink with low temperature which is located in the rim. The objective consists in discovering configurations that facilitates the heat flow diminishing the maximal excess of temperature independent of the place where it is located. The total volume and the volume of high conductivity material are fixed, but their aspect ratio can vary. The results indicate that the thermal contact resistance is larger when thermal conductivity of the high conductivity material and the thermal conductivity of the material that represents the thermal contact resistance are smaller. It can increase the maximal dimensionless excess of temperature and the optimal aspect ratio by approximately 56% and 17% respectively. In addition, varying the external ratio can increase the maximum dimensionless temperature almost 20% taking into account the thermal contact resistance. However, changes in this ratio had almost no effect on the optimal geometry of the I-shaped high thermal conductivity pathway

Produção de forragem de capim-elefante sob clima frio: curva de crescimento e valor nutritivo Forage production of elephantgrass under cold climate conditions: growth curve and nutritive value

Objetivou-se quantificar a produção e o valor nutritivo do capim-elefante (cv. Cameroon), em Lages, Santa Catarina, identificando possíveis limitações à sua utilização e demonstrando sua viabilidade na região. O ensaio foi conduzido entre 1982 e 1985, no qual o capim-elefante foi estabelecido em parcelas, dispostas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos constaram da soma dos dias de crescimento até o momento dos cortes, a fim de se estabelecer a curva de crescimento. A produção de massa seca (MS) acumulada foi avaliada a partir do 42º dia após o corte de uniformização, sendo que as parcelas foram cortadas em seqüência, a cada 21 dias, até completarem 210 dias de crescimento, respeitando-se um resíduo de 50 cm. A capacidade de rebrotação dentro do período também foi avaliada a cada 21 dias. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e de regressão. O acúmulo de massa seca do capim-elefante foi significativamente dependente dos dias de crescimento, com taxas de 185 e 65 kg/ha/dia de MS, em 1983/84 e 1984/85, respectivamente. No primeiro período, obtiveram-se aos 210 dias 31.132 kg/ha de MS, sendo 3.310 kg/ha de MS aos 63 dias iniciais. Em 1984/85, as plantas acumularam o equivalente a um terço da MS obtida no ano anterior, provavelmente por problemas nutricionais e déficit hídrico. Na avaliação das rebrotações, as maiores produções foram obtidas com plantas de 42 (1.149 kg MS/ha) e 63 dias (1.259 kg/ha de MS). Na média dos dois períodos, foram obtidos até 20% de PB e 65% de DIVMS. Apesar do clima frio, o capim-elefante é uma alternativa viável como forrageira para o Planalto Catarinense.<br>This work aimed to quantify the yield and nutritive value of elephantgrass (cv. Cameroon), in Lages, Santa Catarina, with the objective to identify possible limitations to its production and to show its viability in the region. The trial was carried out from 1982 to 1985, when the elephantgrass was established in plots in a complete block design. The treatments were the sum of growing days up to the evaluation day, in order to establish a growth curve. The accumulated dry matter (DM) started 42 days after an uniformization cut and the plots were cut in sequence every 21 days, up to complete 210 days of growth, always leaving a 50 cm stubble. The regrowth ability in each period was also evaluated every 21 days. Data were submitted to variance and regression analyses. The elephantgrass dry matter accumulation was significantly dependent of days of growth, showing growth rates of 185 and 65 kg DM/ha/day on 1983/84 and 1984/85, respectively. In the first growing period, it was obtained 31,132 kg DM/ha with 210 days of growth and 3,310 kg DM/ha in the first 63 days of growth. In 1984/85, the plants accumulated about one-third of that obtained in the previous year, probably due to nutritional problems and to a drought spell. In the regrowth evaluations, the highest yields were obtained with plants growing for 42 (1,149 kg DM/ha) and 63 days (1,259 kg DM/ha). The two years average of crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility was 20% and 65%, respectively. Although the cold climate, the elephantgrass is a viable alternative for the Santa Catarina highlands

Disponibilidade e qualidade do capim-elefante com e sem irrigação adubado com nitrogênio e potássio na estação seca Forage yield and quality of elephantgrass response to irrigation and nitrogen and potassium fertilization in the dry season

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da irrigação e da adubação com N e K sobre a disponibilidade e a qualidade da matéria seca em pastagem de capim-elefante cv. Napier adubada com N e K nas dosagens de 100:80; 200:160; 300:240 e 400:320 kg.ha-1.ano-1 de N e K2O, respectivamente, no período seco do ano. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos (área irrigada - AI e não-irrigada - ANI), segundo delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições, em que a unidade experimental consistiu de parcelas (piquetes) de 300 m², nas quais foram aplicados os tratamentos. No período de avaliação (maio a setembro/2001 - período seco), as disponibilidades de matéria seca total (DMST) e lâmina foliar (DMSLF) apresentaram valores proporcionais às doses de nitrogênio e potássio. A irrigação teve efeito significativo sobre a DMSLF. No entanto, os teores de FDN e FDA, ao longo do período seco, na área não-irrigada foram menores que na área irrigada. As concentrações de PB e dos macrominerais (P, K, Ca e Mg) não foram influenciadas pelas doses de N e K e pela irrigação, tanto na área irrigada como na não-irrigada.<br>An experiment was carried out in experimental plots of 300 m² in size to evaluate the effects of doses of NK fertilization and irrigation on forage mass yield and quality of elephantgras cv Napier during the dry season. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatment replications. The experimental treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial combination of four N-K2O doses with and without irrigation, in the dry season. N-K2O doses were: 100-80; 200-160; 300-240 and 400-320 kg.ha-1, respectively. Figures for total dry forage mass (TDFM), and dry green leaf mass (DGLM) increased in proportion to N-K2O dose from May to September 2001, the dry season period. Irrigation had a marked significant effect on DGLM yield. Leaf samples from irrigated plots had higher contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber as compared to leaf samples from the control plots. Concentrations of crude protein, potash, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium did not respond either to N-K2O doses or to irrigation