Formulation D’Aliments Infantiles a Base De Farines D’Igname Enrichies Au Soja

The aim of this study was to determine factors to be taken into account in the infant flours formulated from yam and soy fermented flours. For this purpose, soybean flour (Glycine max) was fermented for 48 hours and incorporated into yam flour (Dioscorea rotundata-cayenensis, kponan and Dioscorea alata, Bête Bètè) fermented for 24 hours at different levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). Nutrient qualities of gruel of the formulations thus prepared were evaluated. Protein content increased with the rate of soy incorporated. For D. alata, protein content ranged from 6.56 ± 0.01 g / 100 g (unfermented yam flour) and 7.38 ± 0.27 01 g / 100 g (fermented yam flour) to 21.88 ± 1.09 g / 100 g of 40% soy rate incorporation. For D. cayenensis, protein content ranged from 4.81 ± 0.01 g / 100 g (unfermented yam flour) and 5.25 ± 0.43 g / 100 (fermented yam flour) to 20.92 ± 0,21 g / 100 g of 40% soy rate incorporation. Fermentation of yams and soybeans induces an increase of protein content in yam and soy based flours. Protein content in most formulated complementary foods containing soy flours were comparable to values of commercial flours (FARINOR® and SOJABEBE®). However, formulated flours were poor in calcium, iron and zinc. Calcium content of formulated yam based flours was lower than commercial one; FARINOR® (136.36mg/100kcal) and SOJABEBE® (66.88mg/100kcal). Iron densities ranged from 0,18mg/100kcal (SOJABEBE®) to 3.81mg/100 kcal (FARINOR®). The results obtained show that, swelling power and solubility decreased with the rate of soy incorporated. In addition, phenolic compounds of fortified yam based flours with soy, resulted a lower content. 30 % incorporation of soy in yam flours, owing to increase significantly yam/soy based flours enzymatic hydrolysis?. Sensory tests limited maximum level of soy to 30% and 20%. Sensory profile of yam flour fortified with fermented soybeans (30% and 20%) was determined.Key words: infant flour, yam, soy, nutritio

Induction et prolifération de cals à partir de l’axe embryonnaire du Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae] : effet de la segmentation de l’explant, des phytohormones, de la source de carbone et du génotype

Le Voandzou [Vigna subterranea, (L.) Verdc.], occupe une place importante dans les stratégies élaborées pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne. Le développement de systèmes de régénération in vitro de plantes, préalable au transfert de gènes nécessite l’établissement de conditions optimales de la callogenèse. Au cours du présent travail, l’étude des facteurs influençant l’induction et la prolifération des cals chez le Voandzou a été réalisée. L’axe embryonnaire issu de graines matures a été placé sur le milieu de base de Murashige et Skoog (1962) additionné avec les vitamines B5 et supplémenté avec différentes concentrations et combinaisons de phytohormones. Après quatre semaines de culture, les résultats ont montré que l’induction et la prolifération de cals ont été favorisées avec le 2,4-D (0,5 mg/l). La partie basale de l’axe embryonnaire a été la zone la plus favorable à la callogenèse. La meilleure source de carbone a été le saccharose à la concentration optimale de 84 mM. Les meilleurs taux d’induction (100 %) et de prolifération de cals (3) ont été exprimés avec les écotypes Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci10 et Ci21.Mots-clés : voandzou, axe embryonnaire, callogenèse, phytohormones.Callus induction and proliferation from embryonic axis in Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae]: effect of explants section, plant growth regulators, carbon source and genotypeBambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. ] contributes to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Development of efficient systems of in vitro plant regeneration a prerequisite to gene transfer requires establishment of optimal conditions for callus formation. In this work, factors influencing callus induction and proliferation in Bambara have been studied. Embryonic axis derived mature seeds were placed on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with vitamins B5 (MSB5), including different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. After four weeks of culture, results showed that 2,4-D (0.5 mg/L) exhibited the best frequency and proliferation index of callus. Basal part of embryonic axis was the explants of choice for callus induction and proliferation. Sucrose at optimum concentration of 84 mM was favorable to the process of callus formation. Highest callus induction frequency (100 %) and proliferation index (3) were expressed by ecotypes Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci10 and Ci21.Keywords : bambara groundnut, embryonic axis, callogenesis, plant growth regulators

Family And Community Practices Relating To Infant Feeding In Central Togo:A study preceding implementation of the family and community component of the «Integrated Management of Childhood Illness» strategy (C-IMCI).

The aim of this study was to assess neonate and infant feeding practices in the central region of Togo before implementation of the community component of the «Integrated Management of Childhood Illness» (C-IMCI) strategy. It was a cross-sectional study from 29th March to 8th April 2004 and included a random sample of 983 households, 506 caretakers and 733 under-five children. Using the Epi-info and SPSS softwares, this study assessed mainly breast feeding, the use of breast milk substitutesand weaning practices. It was noted that out of the 733 children, 52% were males and 48% females, 27% less than one year and 21.6% between 12 and 23 months. After delivery, 29.3% of infants were breastfed within one hour, and 75.6% within the first 24 hours. Only 78.4% of the children received colostrum after birth. It was also noted insufficient breast milk flow in 53.1% of the mothers and water was the main substitute for breast milk in 21% of the children. If 57.7% of the children were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, only 9.5% of the infants were breastfed up to the 23rd month. Complementary foods were introduced at an average age of 6 months with water, pap, «diuri» (a plant decoction), and at an average age of 11 months with other family foods. Altogether,65% of mothers stopped breastfeeding between 18 and 30 months for varying reasons : 7% because of pregnancy, 6% due to insufficient breast milk flow, 3% professional constraints and 3% death. From this study we recommend that sustained efforts have to be made on the sensitization of mothers during C-IMCI implementation on cultural practices that do not support optimal feeding of the neonate and young infant

High prevalence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical samples from central Cote d'Ivoire

OBJECTIVES: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales pose a significant challenge to clinical patient care, particularly in resource-constrained settings where epidemiological data on antimicrobial resistance are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-(ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among clinical samples from a teaching hospital in Bouake, central Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: Clinical specimens were collected from sterile and non-sterile body sites and were subjected to microbiological diagnostics (April 2016-June 2017). The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of K. pneumoniae were analysed using automated resistance testing and double-disk diffusion to test for ESBL production. Multiplex PCR was carried out to determine the presence of the resistance-conferring genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM. RESULTS: A total of 107 isolates were included, most of which were obtained from bloodstream (39%; n = 42) and urinary tract infections (39%; n = 42). Among all K. pneumoniae isolates, 84% (n = 90) were ESBL producers, many of which were also not susceptible to sulfonamides (99%), quinolones (81%) and aminoglycosides (79%). The majority of ESBL-producing strains harboured all three investigated bla genes. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in clinical isolates from Cote d'Ivoire calls for revised empirical treatment regimens in critically ill patients with suspected Gram-negative infections, and the establishment of antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems

Caractérisation et évaluation des vivriers dans un système d’exploitation agricole à base de coton dans le département de Sinématiali – Côte d’Ivoire

La présente étude visait à caractériser les systèmes d’exploitation agricoles à base de coton, puis d’évaluer l’importance des vivriers dans ces  systèmes. Elle a été conduite sur un échantillon de 40 exploitants agricoles répartis dans 8 villages de Sinématiali. Les résultats ont indiqué que les systèmes dominants sont le maïs (3,675 ha) et le coton (3,14 ha). Ensuite viennent, l’arachide (1,125 ha), le riz (0,906 ha) le haricot (0,306 ha), le mil (0,297 ha) et l’igname (0,194 ha). Par ailleurs, le compte  d’exploitation révèle que les vivriers ont les marges nettes à l’hectare les plus élevés avec respectivement 245 727,5 FCFA, pour le riz ; 58 004,7 FCFA pour le maïs ; 209 738,4 FCFA pour l’arachide et 239 472 FCFA pour le mil contre 5 085,1 FCFA pour le coton. L’analyse du ratio de la marge brute sur le coût variable totale montre que 1 FCFA investi sur les parcelles de vivriers rapporte respectivement 4,09 F ; 1,54 F ; 7,44 F et 12,09 FCFA pour le riz, le maïs, l’arachide et le mil contre 0,36 FCFA pour le coton. Aussi, cette étude indique que les vivriers contribuent à hauteur de 98%, au revenu annuel du paysan contre 2% pour le coton. Malgré cette faible contribution du coton dans les revenus du paysan, sa culture permet aux exploitants d’accéder aux intrants et aux matériels agricoles modernes pour accroître les superficies et les rendements agricoles.Mots clés : Systèmes de culture, coton, vivriers, marge brute, Côte d’Ivoire

Ostéo-arthrites tuberculeuses inhabituelles multifocales chez une patiente immunocompétente

Les formes multifocales de la tuberculose, surviennent habituellement chez des sujets immunodéprimés. Dans les formes multifocales, certaines localisations osseuses sont rares. Les auteurs rapportent le cas d'une patiente de 58 ans, immunocompétente qui présentait une tuberculose multifocale associant une atteinte pulmonaire et des localisations osseuses et articulaires inhabituelles (l'épaule, la cheville et le pied homolatéral, la branche illio-pubienne). Le diagnostic a été histologique (biopsie ostéo-articulaire) et bactériologique (mise en évidence des BAAR dans les crachats). Le traitement a été médico-chirurgical

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 is distinguished by a unique amino acid substitution in the HpHb receptor implicated in human serum resistance

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) and T. b. gambiense (Tbg), causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in Africa, have evolved alternative mechanisms of resisting the activity of trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs), components of innate immunity in human serum that protect against infection by other African trypanosomes. In Tbr, lytic activity is suppressed by the Tbr-specific serum-resistance associated (SRA) protein. The mechanism in Tbg is less well understood but has been hypothesized to involve altered activity and expression of haptoglobin haemoglobin receptor (HpHbR). HpHbR has been shown to facilitate internalization of TLF-1 in T.b. brucei (Tbb), a member of the T. brucei species complex that is susceptible to human serum. By evaluating the genetic variability of HpHbR in a comprehensive geographical and taxonomic context, we show that a single substitution that replaces leucine with serine at position 210 is conserved in the most widespread form of Tbg (Tbg group 1) and not found in related taxa, which are either human serum susceptible (Tbb) or known to resist lysis via an alternative mechanism (Tbr and Tbg group 2). We hypothesize that this single substitution contributes to reduced uptake of TLF and thus may play a key role in conferring serum resistance to Tbg group 1. In contrast, similarity in HpHbR sequence among isolates of Tbg group 2 and Tbb/Tbr provides further evidence that human serum resistance in Tbg group 2 is likely independent of HpHbR functio

Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d'Ivoire

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem, also among adults, and infected individuals not treated serve as a reservoir for continued transmission. Despite this fact, evidence on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in adults in Cote d'Ivoire is scanty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma infection and co-infection with other helminth species and Plasmodium among adults in the Taabo region in the south-central part of Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in April and May 2017 in the frame of the "Cote d'Ivoire Dual Burden of Disease Study" (CoDuBu). A total of 901 randomly selected individuals, aged 18-90 years, provided blood, stool and urine samples for the diagnosis of malaria and helminth infections. Stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz technique for detection of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth eggs, while urine samples were examined for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and circulating cathodic antigen of S. mansoni. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using health examination and questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regressions were employed to identify risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with S. mansoni mono- and co-infections. RESULTS: The prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 23.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Most S. mansoni were mono-infections (81.3%). Independent determinants of S. mansoni infection were young age, low socioeconomic status (mono- and co-infection) and poor hygiene practices (co-infection) (P < 0.05). S. mansoni infection was independently associated with higher pain and symptom scores (mono-infection), poor self-rated health and low healthcare use (co-infection) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that adults represent a substantial reservoir of S. mansoni. To sustain schistosomiasis control and improve people's wellbeing, it is important to expand preventive chemotherapy from school-aged children to adults, coupled with hygiene and health education