1,300 research outputs found
Case selection and causal inferences in qualitative comparative research
Traditionally, social scientists perceived causality as regularity. As a consequence, qualitative comparative case study research was regarded as unsuitable for drawing causal inferences since a few cases cannot establish regularity. The dominant perception of causality has changed, however. Nowadays, social scientists define and identify causality through the counterfactual effect of a treatment. This brings causal inference in qualitative comparative research back on the agenda since comparative case studies can identify counterfactual treatment effects. We argue that the validity of causal inferences from the comparative study of cases depends on the employed case-selection algorithm. We employ Monte Carlo techniques to demonstrate that different case-selection rules strongly differ in their ex ante reliability for making valid causal inferences and identify the most and the least reliable case selection rules
Case selection and causal inferences in qualitative comparative research
Traditionally, social scientists perceived causality as regularity. As a consequence, qualitative
comparative case study research was regarded as unsuitable for drawing causal inferences
since a few cases cannot establish regularity. The dominant perception of causality
has changed, however. Nowadays, social scientists define and identify causality through
the counterfactual effect of a treatment. This brings causal inference in qualitative comparative
research back on the agenda since comparative case studies can identify counterfactual
treatment effects. We argue that the validity of causal inferences from the comparative
study of cases depends on the employed case-selection algorithm. We employ Monte Carlo
techniques to demonstrate that different case-selection rules strongly differ in their ex ante
reliability for making valid causal inferences and identify the most and the least reliable case
selection rules
VLT Diffraction Limited Imaging and Spectroscopy in the NIR: Weighing the black hole in Centaurus A with NACO
We present high spatial resolution near-infrared spectra and images of the
nucleus of Centaurus A (NGC 5128) obtained with NAOS-CONICA at the VLT. The
adaptive optics corrected data have a spatial resolution of 0.06" (FWHM) in K-
and 0.11" in H-band, four times higher than previous studies. The observed gas
motions suggest a kinematically hot disk which is orbiting a central object and
is oriented nearly perpendicular to the nuclear jet. We model the central
rotation and velocity dispersion curves of the [FeII] gas orbiting in the
combined potential of the stellar mass and the (dominant) black hole. Our
physically most plausible model, a dynamically hot and geometrically thin gas
disk, yields a black hole mass of M_bh = (6.1 +0.6/-0.8) 10^7 M_sun. As the
physical state of the gas is not well understood, we also consider two limiting
cases: first a cold disk model, which completely neglects the velocity
dispersion; it yields an M_bh estimate that is almost two times lower. The
other extreme case is to model a spherical gas distribution in hydrostatic
equilibrium through Jeans equation. Compared to the hot disk model the best-fit
black hole mass increases by a factor of 1.5. This wide mass range spanned by
the limiting cases shows how important the gas physics is even for high
resolution data. Our overall best-fitting black hole mass is a factor of 2-4
lower than previous measurements. With our revised M_bh estimate, Cen A's
offset from the M_bh-sigma relation is significantly reduced; it falls above
this relation by a factor of ~2, which is close to the intrinsic scatter of
this relation. (Abridged)Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures, including minor changes following the referee
report; accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa
The Structure of Nuclear Star Clusters in Nearby Late-type Spiral Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Imaging
We obtained Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 imaging of a sample of
ten of the nearest and brightest nuclear clusters residing in late-type spiral
galaxies, in seven bands that span the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared.
Structural properties of the clusters were measured by fitting two-dimensional
surface brightness profiles to the images using GALFIT. The clusters exhibit a
wide range of structural properties. For six of the ten clusters in our sample,
we find changes in the effective radius with wavelength, suggesting radially
varying stellar populations. In four of the objects, the effective radius
increases with wavelength, indicating the presence of a younger population
which is more concentrated than the bulk of the stars in the cluster. However,
we find a general decrease in effective radius with wavelength in two of the
objects in our sample, which may indicate extended, circumnuclear star
formation. We also find a general trend of increasing roundness of the clusters
at longer wavelengths, as well as a correlation between the axis ratios of the
NCs and their host galaxies. These observations indicate that blue disks
aligned with the host galaxy plane are a common feature of nuclear clusters in
late-type galaxies, but are difficult to detect in galaxies that are close to
face-on. In color-color diagrams spanning the near-UV through the near-IR, most
of the clusters lie far from single-burst evolutionary tracks, showing evidence
for multi-age populations. Most of the clusters have integrated colors
consistent with a mix of an old population (> 1 Gyr) and a young population
(~100-300 Myr). The wide wavelength coverage of our data provides a sensitivity
to populations with a mix of ages that would not be possible to achieve with
imaging in optical bands only.Comment: Corrected a typo in author name and affiliation for MC and corrected
a typo in the conclusio
Donor characteristics and the allocation of aid to climate mitigation finance
We make use of a panel dataset of 22 donor countries from 1998 to 2009 to examine the links between donor characteristics and the share of overseas development assistance allocated to climate mitigation finance. We find that donors with a larger green domestic budget tend to allocate a smaller portion of overseas aid to mitigation finance (possibly as a result of a competing interest between spending on domestic environmental projects and international climate projects). The opposite holds for donor countries with better institutions (governance) that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. We also find important discrepancies when comparing the effects of donor characteristics on committed versus disbursed mitigation finance (as a share of aid). For the latter, only commitment to the Kyoto Protocol appears to be of high statistical significance
Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media
This research analyses cloaked Facebook pages that are created to spread political propaganda by cloaking a user profile and imitating the identity of a political opponent in order to spark hateful and aggressive reactions. This inquiry is pursued through a multi-sited online ethnographic case study of Danish Facebook pages disguised as radical Islamist pages, which provoked racist and anti-Muslim reactions as well as negative sentiments towards refugees and immigrants in Denmark in general. Drawing on Jessie Danielsâ critical insights into cloaked websites, this research furthermore analyses the epistemological, methodological and conceptual challenges of online propaganda. It enhances our understanding of disinformation and propaganda in an increasingly interactive social media environment and contributes to a critical inquiry into social media and subversive politics
Disentangling the Circumnuclear Environs of Centaurus A: III. An Inner Molecular Ring, Nuclear Shocks and the CO to warm H2 interface
We present the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas in the
circumnuclear disk (CND, 400 pc x 200 pc) of Centaurus A with resolutions of ~5
pc (0.3 arcsec) and shed light onto the mechanism feeding the Active Galactic
Nucleus (AGN) using CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), HCN(4-3), and CO(6-5) observations
obtained with ALMA. Multiple filaments or streamers of tens to a hundred parsec
scale exist within the CND, which form a ring-like structure with an
unprojected diameter of 9 x 6 arcsec (162pc x 108pc) and a position angle PA =
155deg. Inside the nuclear ring, there are two leading and straight filamentary
structures with lengths of about 30-60pc at PA = 120deg on opposite sides of
the AGN, with a rotational symmetry of 180deg and steeper position-velocity
diagrams, which are interpreted as nuclear shocks due to non-circular motions.
Along the filaments, and unlike other nearby AGNs, several dense molecular
clumps present low HCN/HCO+(4-3) ratios (~0.5). The filaments abruptly end in
the probed transitions at r = 20pc from the AGN, but previous near-IR H2
(J=1-0) S(1) maps show that they continue in an even ~1000 K), winding up in
the form of nuclear spirals, and forming an inner ring structure with another
set of symmetric filaments along the N-S direction and within r = 10pc. The
molecular gas is governed primarily by non-circular motions, being the
successive shock fronts at different scales where loss of angular momentum
occurs, a mechanism which may feed efficiently powerful radio galaxies down to
parsec scales.Comment: 46 pages. Accepted for publication in Ap
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