ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПОТЕНЦИАЛА СМЕЩЕНИЯ И ОРИЕНТАЦИИ ПОДЛОЖКИ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ОСАЖДАЕМОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ: РОЛЬ РАСПЫЛЕНИЯ

Теоретически исследуется влияние процессов атомного распыления на величину внутренних напряжений и скорость роста покрытия, получаемого методом плазменно-ионного осаждения с использованием импульсного потенциала смещения на подложке и при различных углах падения ионов на осаждаемую поверхность. Формула для расчета внутренних напряжений в осаждаемом покрытии, полученная в рамках модели нелокального термоупругого пика иона с учетом процессов атомного распыления, использовалась для расчета напряжений в покрытиях TiN и CrN, осаждаемых из потоков ионов Ti+ и Cr+, соответственно. Величина напряжений для рассмотренных покрытий коррелирует с модулем упругости материала покрытия. Максимум кривой напряжений уменьшается и смещается в область более высоких потенциалов с ростом угла падения. Такое поведение обусловлено процессом распыления квазистабильных междоузельных дефектов, определяющих уровень напряжений в осаждаемом покрытии. Предложена формула для скорости осаждения покрытия, учитывающая распыление атомов покрытия при произвольных потенциале смещения и угле падения ионов. Показано, что распыление резко снижает скорость осаждения покрытий и делает невозможным осаждение покрытий TiN и CrN в режиме постоянного потенциала при потенциалах на подложке, превышающих 1,7 кВ и 0,7 кВ, соответственно, и при нормальном падении ионов. Распыление оказывает наибольшее влияние на внутреннее напряжение и скорость роста покрытия при осаждении ионов под наклонными углами падения α = 45°...70° . Результаты расчетов сравниваются с имеющимися экспериментальными данными

Decoration of nanovesicles with pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) for targeted delivery

Acidity at surface of cancer cells is a hallmark of tumor microenvironments, which does not depend on tumor perfusion, thus it may serve as a general biomarker for targeting tumor cells. We used the pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) for decoration of liposomes and niosomes. pHLIP senses pH at the surface of cancer cells and inserts into the membrane of targeted cells, and brings nanomaterial to close proximity of cellular membrane. DMPC liposomes and Tween 20 or Span 20 niosomes with and without pHLIP in their coating were fully characterized in order to obtain fundamental understanding on nanocarrier features and facilitate the rational design of acidity sensitive nanovectors. The samples stability over time and in presence of serum was demonstrated. The size, ζ-potential, and morphology of nanovectors, as well as their ability to entrap a hydrophilic probe and modulate its release were investigated. pHLIP decorated vesicles could be useful to obtain a prolonged (modified) release of biological active substances for targeting tumors and other acidic diseased tissues

The place of intravenous immunoglobulin in rheumatic diseases

Therapy with intravenous human immunoglobulin (IVIG) was and continues to remain essential for a number of diseases. At the same time the evidence base for IVIG use is extremely small in rheumatology. Clinical experience shows that IVIG is effective in treating thrombocytopenic purpura, Guillain–Barre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, which develop in the presence of rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory myopathies, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides. The review considers indications for the use of IVIG, its dosage regimen, benefits, and adverse reactions and analyzes the Russian and foreign literature on this issue

BRST approach to Lagrangian formulation for mixed-symmetry fermionic higher-spin fields

We construct a Lagrangian description of irreducible half-integer higher-spin representations of the Poincare group with the corresponding Young tableaux having two rows, on a basis of the BRST approach. Starting with a description of fermionic higher-spin fields in a flat space of any dimension in terms of an auxiliary Fock space, we realize a conversion of the initial operator constraint system (constructed with respect to the relations extracting irreducible Poincare-group representations) into a first-class constraint system. For this purpose, we find auxiliary representations of the constraint subsuperalgebra containing the subsystem of second-class constraints in terms of Verma modules. We propose a universal procedure of constructing gauge-invariant Lagrangians with reducible gauge symmetries describing the dynamics of both massless and massive fermionic fields of any spin. No off-shell constraints for the fields and gauge parameters are used from the very beginning. It is shown that the space of BRST cohomologies with a vanishing ghost number is determined only by the constraints corresponding to an irreducible Poincare-group representation. To illustrate the general construction, we obtain a Lagrangian description of fermionic fields with generalized spin (3/2,1/2) and (3/2,3/2) on a flat background containing the complete set of auxiliary fields and gauge symmetries.Comment: 41 pages, no figures, corrected typos, updated introduction, sections 5, 7.1, 7.2 with examples, conclusion with all basic results unchanged, corrected formulae (3.27), (7.138), (7.140), added dimensional reduction part with formulae (5.34)-(5.48), (7.8)-(7.10), (7.131)-(7.136), (7.143)-(7.164), added Refs. 52, 53, 54, examples for massive fields developed by 2 way

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AS A PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY FACTOR

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar el factor de eficiencia y la productividad laboral. En gran medida, el nivel de productividad laboral creció debido a la intensificación de la producción. Al mismo tiempo, según Rosstat, en agricultura, silvicultura y pesca solo hay un 8% de empleos altamente eficientes. Por lo tanto, el factor de intensificación de la producción se utiliza de manera insignificante. Es obvio que hay una necesidad de un componente innovador del crecimiento de la productividad laboral, por un lado, y la creación de nuevos empleos en las zonas rurales para los recursos laborales liberados, por otro lado. Aquí es necesario determinar los principales factores que afectan la productividad en las condiciones modernas, y justificar las propuestas para mejorarla.Of the goal of this investigation is to study the efficiency factor and labor productivity. To a large extent, the level of labor productivity grew due to the intensification of production. At the same time, according to Rosstat, in agriculture, forestry and fisheries there are only 8% of high-efficient jobs. Thus, the factor of production intensification is used insignificantly. It is obvious that there is a need for an innovative component of labor productivity growth on the one hand, and the creation of new jobs in rural areas for the released labor resources, on the other hand. Here it is necessary to determine the main factors affecting productivity in modern conditions, and to justify proposals to improve it.O objetivo desta investigação é estudar o fator de eficiência e a produtividade do trabalho. Em grande medida, o nível de produtividade do trabalho aumentou devido à intensificação da produção. Ao mesmo tempo, segundo Rosstat, na agricultura, silvicultura e pesca, existem apenas 8% dos empregos de alta eficiência. Assim, o fator de intensificação da produção é usado de forma insignificante. É óbvio que é necessário um componente inovador do crescimento da produtividade do trabalho, por um lado, e a criação de novos empregos nas áreas rurais para os recursos liberados, por outro. Aqui é necessário determinar os principais fatores que afetam a produtividade nas condições modernas e justificar propostas para melhorá- la

Closed geodesics in Alexandrov spaces of curvature bounded from above

In this paper, we show a local energy convexity of $W^{1,2}$ maps into $CAT(K)$ spaces. This energy convexity allows us to extend Colding and Minicozzi's width-sweepout construction to produce closed geodesics in any closed Alexandrov space of curvature bounded from above, which also provides a generalized version of the Birkhoff-Lyusternik theorem on the existence of non-trivial closed geodesics in the Alexandrov setting.Comment: Final version, 22 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Journal of Geometric Analysi

Система гемостаза в норме и при трансплантации печени (обзор)

The review dwells on the problem of hemostatic disorders in patients undergoing liver transplantation and their correction in the perioperative period. The physiology of the hemostatic system, disorders of the blood coagulation system in patients at various stages of liver transplantation, correction of hemostatic disorders during and after orthotopic liver transplantation are discussed. Liver transplantation is performed in patients with liver diseases in the terminal stage of liver failure. At the same time, changes in the hemostatic system of these patients pose a significant risk of developing bleeding and/or thrombosis during and after liver transplantation. The hypothesis is suggested that the personalized correction of hemostasis disorder in liver transplantation should be based on considerating the nosological forms of the liver damage, mechanisms of development of recipient’s hemostatic disorders, and the stage of the surgery.Обзор посвящен проблеме нарушений в системе гемостаза и их коррекции в периоперационном периоде у пациентов, подвергающихся трансплантации печени. Обсуждаются: физиология системы гемостаза; нарушения функции свертывающей системы крови у пациентов на различных стадиях операции трансплантации печени; коррекция нарушений гемостаза во время и после ортотопической трансплантации печени. Трансплантация печени выполняется пациентам с заболеваниями печени в терминальной стадии печеночно-клеточной недостаточности. При этом изменения в системе гемостаза этих больных представляют значительный риск развития, как кровотечений, так и тромбозов во время и после трансплантации печени. Коррекция нарушений гемостаза при трансплантации печени должна проходить с учетом нозологической формы повреждения печени, механизмов развития нарушений гемостаза реципиента и этапа операции

MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY

Objective: to estimate the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), and soluble TNF-α receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and their association with cardiovascular pathology. Subjects and methods. Ninety-six patients, including 52 with primary APS and 44 with systemic lupus erythematosus and APS, were examined. A control group comprised 29 individuals without the signs of autoimmune disease. The levels of hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, antiphospholipid antibodies, and plasma lipids were studied; ultrasonography measuring the carotid intima-media complex (IMC), electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and Holter ECG monitoring were made. Results. The concentrations of hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNF-R1 were significantly higher in the patient groups than in the controls (p < 0.05). Elevated sTNF-R1 concentrations were more common in angina pectoris than in its absence (OR = 2.13; 95% CI [1.51; 2.99]; p < 0.001). In patients with damage to the valvular apparatus, IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNF-R1 concentrations were significantly higher than those in patients without the defects (p = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). The levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 were significantly higher in hypertensive patients than those in non-hypertensives (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001; respectively). The blood concentration of TNF-α was significantly higher in patients having the risk factors and subclinical signs of atherosclerosis that that in those without the signs and risk factors of atherosclerosis (p < 0.05). Analysis showed a direct correlation between the levels of TNF-α, hsCRP, IL-6, and sTNF-R1 and an inverse correlation of those of IL-6 and TNF-α with the duration of posttrombosis (p < 0.05). A correlation was found between the concentrations of TNF-α and sTNF-R1, and IMC of the great arteries, as well as the cumulative coronary risk (p < 0.05). Conclusion. In patients with APS, the levels of all the test markers were significantly higher than those in the controls. An association was revealed between the values of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 and the risk factors and subclinical signs of atherosclerosis

Место внутривенного иммуноглобулина при ревматических заболеваниях

Therapy with intravenous human immunoglobulin (IVIG) was and continues to remain essential for a number of diseases. At the same time the evidence base for IVIG use is extremely small in rheumatology. Clinical experience shows that IVIG is effective in treating thrombocytopenic purpura, Guillain–Barre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, which develop in the presence of rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory myopathies, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides. The review considers indications for the use of IVIG, its dosage regimen, benefits, and adverse reactions and analyzes the Russian and foreign literature on this issue.Терапия внутривенным человеческим иммуноглобулином (ВВИГ) была и продолжает оставаться необходимой при ряде заболеваний. В то же время доказательная база применения ВВИГ в ревматологии крайне мала. Клинический опыт показывает, что ВВИГ эффективен при тромбоцитопенической пурпуре, синдроме Гийена–Барре и хронической воспалительной демиелинизирующей полиневропатии, развившихся на фоне ревматических заболеваний, таких как системная красная волчанка, воспалительные миопатии и ассоциированные с антинейтрофильными цитоплазматическими антителами васкулиты. В обзоре рассмотрены показания к назначению ВВИГ, режим дозирования, преимущества и нежелательные реакции, приведен анализ отечественной и зарубежной литературы по данному вопрос