Метод повышения эффективности технологического процесса склейки линз и достоверная оценка выходных контролируемых параметров

The use of glued lens components in optical devices improves the image quality of telescopic and photographic lenses or inverting systems by eliminating a number of aberrations, and also reduces light losses in the optical system of the device. The traditional production process of lenses gluing involves the sequential execution of a set of technological operations and takes a significant period of time. The purpose of the research was to improve the accuracy and productivity of the technological process of lenses gluing by improving the optical system of the control and measuring device and automating the operation of lenses optical axes combining by introducing an electronic reference system and mechanisms for micro-movements of optical parts.A technique is proposed for centering of two and three-component optical blocks by an autocollimation flare which provides a matching accuracy of less than 0.5 μm. The possibility of constructive modernization of the classic ST-41 autocollimation microscope with parallel separation of the displayed output information in the visual and television channels is shown. An automated system for controlling of the process of convergence of autocollimation points in the device is proposed. Using software methods an electronic grid template is formed on the monitor screen, onto which images of autocollimation points are projected. The decentering value 2Δe is determined and a corrective control voltage is applied to three stepper motors and pushers for transverse movement of the glued optical part.Specialized software has been developed for automatically bringing the position of the autocollimating crosshair to the center of the measuring scale of the grid based on a combination of two methods of “least squares” and “successive approximation”. Compliance with a number of technological transitions and the accompanying control of geometric parameters make it possible to achieve greater accuracy in determining the eccentricity of the crosshairs of the aligned optical axes of the glued lenses. Применение в оптических приборах склеенных линзовых компонентов позволяет повысить качество изображения телескопических и фотографических объективов или оборачивающих систем за счёт устранения ряда аберраций, а также обеспечивает уменьшение световых потерь в оптической системе прибора. Традиционный производственный процесс склеивания линз предусматривает последовательное выполнение комплекса технологических операций и занимает существенный промежуток времени. Цель исследований заключалась в повышении точности и производительности технологического процесса склейки линз за счёт совершенствования оптической системы контрольно-измерительного прибора и автоматизации операции совмещения оптических осей линз путём введения электронной системы отсчёта и механизмов для микроперемещений оптических деталей.Предложена методика центрирования двух- и трёхкомпонентных оптических блоков по автоколлимационному блику, обеспечивающая точность совмещения менее 0,5 мкм. Показана возможность  конструктивной  модернизации  классического  автоколлимационного  микроскопа СТ-41  с  параллельным  разделением  отображаемой  выходной  информации  в  визуальном  и телевизионном каналах. Предложена автоматизированная система управления процессом сведения автоколлимационных точек в приборе. Программными методами на экране монитора формируется шаблон электронной сетки, на которую проецируются изображения автоколлимационных точек, определяется величина децентричности 2Δe и подаётся корректирующее управляющее напряжение на три шаговых двигателя и толкатели для поперечной подвижки приклеиваемой оптической детали. Разработано специализированное программное обеспечение для автоматического сведения положения автоколлимационного перекрестия в центр измерительной шкалы сетки, основанное на сочетании двух методов – «наименьших квадратов» и «последовательного приближения». Соблюдение ряда технологических переходов и сопутствующий контроль геометрических параметров позволяют добиться большей точности при определении величины эксцентриситета перекрестия совмещаемых оптических осей

ХИРУРГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К УСТРАНЕНИЮ ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ ПОСТТРАВМАТИЧЕСКОЙ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТИ ПЛЕЧЕВОГО СУСТАВА

The results of treatment of 290 patients with chronic post-traumatic instability of the shoulder joint treated for the period 2004–2017 are studied. In accordance with the task, the authors identified 3 clinical variants of post-traumatic instability depending on the prevailing direction of the dislocation. Taking into account the revealed variants, the authors studied their morphogenesis and developed a differentiated tactic and ways of their elimination. The proposed approaches based on the identification and elimination of damages of the rotary-bicepital complex, as well as the developed methods of surgical treatment made it possible to improve the subjective feelings of patients on the OOP scale from 56 [48; 58] to 24 [12; 28] (Me [Q25; Q75]) and indicators of objective evaluation of the function on the Rowe scale from 15 [15; 55] to 75 [75; 100] points.Изучены результаты лечения 290 пациентов с хронической посттравматической нестабильностью плечевого сустава, пролеченных в 2004–2017 гг. В соответствии с поставленной задачей авторами выделены 3 клинических варианта посттравматической нестабильности в зависимости от превалирующего направления дислокации. С учетом выявленных вариантов изучен их морфогенез и разработана дифференцированная тактика и способы их устранения. Предложенные подходы, в основу которых положены выявление и ликвидация повреждений ротаторно-бицепитального комплекса, а также разработанные способы оперативного лечения, позволили улучшить субъективные ощущения пациентов по шкале ООП с 56 [48; 58] до 24 [12; 28] (Me [Q25; Q75]) и показатели объективной оценки функции по шкале Rowe с 15 [15; 55] до 75 [75; 100] баллов

Реконструкция повреждений ротаторно-бицепитального комплекса при оперативном лечении переломов проксимального отдела плеча

The aim of the work was to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients having fractures of the proximal shoulder with the use of the approaches, including the reposition of bone fragments with adequate osteosynthesis and prevention of impingement syndrome, the reconstruction of all damaged structures of the rotator-bicipitale complex. A score assessment of the treatment results of 512 patients aged from 18 to 87 years old was performed, operated from 2004 to 2018 for the treatment of which the tactical approaches and the methods of surgical treatment developed by the authors aimed at restoring the rotator and bicipital elements were used. The use of the developed tactical approaches and methods made it possible to achieve a favorable outcome of treatment in 503 (98.2 %) patients. Thus, the reconstruction of injuries of the rotatory-bicipital complex is a promising way to improve the results of treatment in patients with fractures of the proximal shoulder.Улучшение результатов оперативного лечения пациентов с переломами проксимального отдела плеча, пролеченных с применением подходов, включающих в себя репозицию костных отломков с адекватным остеосинтезом и профилактикой импинджмент синдрома, реконструкцию всех повреждённых структур ротаторно-бицепитального комплекса являлось целью работы. Произведена балльная оценка результатов лечения 512 пациентов в возрасте от 18 до 87 лет, оперированных за период с 2004 по 2018 г., при лечении которых использовались разработанные авторами тактические подходы и способы оперативного лечения, направленные на восстановление ротаторного и бицепитального элемента. Применение разработанных тактических подходов и способов позволило достичь благоприятного исхода лечения у 503 (98,2 %) пациентов. Таким образом, реконструкция повреждений ротаторнобицепитального комплекса является перспективным путем улучшения результатов лечения у пациентов с переломами проксимального отдела плеча

Combined Transfer of Human VEGF165 and HGF Genes Renders Potent Angiogenic Effect in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle

Increased interest in development of combined gene therapy emerges from results of recent clinical trials that indicate good safety yet unexpected low efficacy of “single-gene” administration. Multiple studies showed that vascular endothelial growth factor 165 aminoacid form (VEGF165) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) can be used for induction of angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium and skeletal muscle. Gene transfer system composed of a novel cytomegalovirus-based (CMV) plasmid vector and codon-optimized human VEGF165 and HGF genes combined with intramuscular low-voltage electroporation was developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. Studies in HEK293T cell culture, murine skeletal muscle explants and ELISA of tissue homogenates showed efficacy of constructed plasmids. Functional activity of angiogenic proteins secreted by HEK293T after transfection by induction of tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture. HUVEC cells were used for in vitro experiments to assay the putative signaling pathways to be responsible for combined administration effect one of which could be the ERK1/2 pathway. In vivo tests of VEGF165 and HGF genes co-transfer were conceived in mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Intramuscular administration of plasmid encoding either VEGF165 or HGF gene resulted in increased perfusion compared to empty vector administration. Mice injected with a mixture of two plasmids (VEGF165+HGF) showed significant increase in perfusion compared to single plasmid injection. These findings were supported by increased CD31+ capillary and SMA+ vessel density in animals that received combined VEGF165 and HGF gene therapy compared to single gene therapy. Results of the study suggest that co-transfer of VEGF and HGF genes renders a robust angiogenic effect in ischemic skeletal muscle and may present interest as a potential therapeutic combination for treatment of ischemic disorders

The Role of Histone Methylation and H2A.Z Occupancy during Rapid Activation of Ethylene Responsive Genes

Ethylene signaling pathway leads to rapid gene activation by two hierarchies of transcription factors with EIN3/EIL proteins as primary ones and ERF proteins as secondary ones. The role of chromatin modifications during the rapid gene activation is not known. In this work we studied trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and lysine 27 (H3K27me3), two opposite histone methylation marks for gene activity, during the induction course of three ethylene-responsive genes (ERF1, AtERF14 and ChiB). We found that the three genes displayed different histone modification profiles before induction. After induction, H3K4me3 was increased in the 5′ region and the gene body of ERF1, while H3K27me3 was decreased in the promoter of AtERF14. But the modification changes were later than the gene activation. Analysis of other rapidly inducible ERF genes confirmed the observation. In addition, histone H2A.Z occupancy on the three genes and the association of the H3K27me3-binding protein LHP1 with AtERF14 and ChiB were not affected by the inductive signal. However, the mutation of genes encoding H2A.Z and LHP1 attenuated and enhanced respectively the induction of target genes and altered H3K4me3. These results indicate that the induction of ethylene-responsive genes does not require immediate modulation of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 and dissociation of LHP1 and H2A.Z from the targets, and suggest that the chromatin structure of the genes before induction is committed for transcriptional activation and that H3K4me3 is not required for ethylene-responsive gene activation, but may serve as a mark for gene activity

Parental Genome Dosage Imbalance Deregulates Imprinting in Arabidopsis

In mammals and in plants, parental genome dosage imbalance deregulates embryo growth and might be involved in reproductive isolation between emerging new species. Increased dosage of maternal genomes represses growth while an increased dosage of paternal genomes has the opposite effect. These observations led to the discovery of imprinted genes, which are expressed by a single parental allele. It was further proposed in the frame of the parental conflict theory that parental genome imbalances are directly mirrored by antagonistic regulations of imprinted genes encoding maternal growth inhibitors and paternal growth enhancers. However these hypotheses were never tested directly. Here, we investigated the effect of parental genome imbalance on the expression of Arabidopsis imprinted genes FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2 (FIS2) and FLOWERING WAGENINGEN (FWA) controlled by DNA methylation, and MEDEA (MEA) and PHERES1 (PHE1) controlled by histone methylation. Genome dosage imbalance deregulated the expression of FIS2 and PHE1 in an antagonistic manner. In addition increased dosage of inactive alleles caused a loss of imprinting of FIS2 and MEA. Although FIS2 controls histone methylation, which represses MEA and PHE1 expression, the changes of PHE1 and MEA expression could not be fully accounted for by the corresponding fluctuations of FIS2 expression. Our results show that parental genome dosage imbalance deregulates imprinting using mechanisms, which are independent from known regulators of imprinting. The complexity of the network of regulations between expressed and silenced alleles of imprinted genes activated in response to parental dosage imbalance does not support simple models derived from the parental conflict hypothesis

Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss

While global patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly well characterized, the diversity of human languages remains less systematically described. Here we outline the Grambank database. With over 400,000 data points and 2,400 languages, Grambank is the largest comparative grammatical database available. The comprehensiveness of Grambank allows us to quantify the relative effects of genealogical inheritance and geographic proximity on the structural diversity of the world's languages, evaluate constraints on linguistic diversity, and identify the world's most unusual languages. An analysis of the consequences of language loss reveals that the reduction in diversity will be strikingly uneven across the major linguistic regions of the world. Without sustained efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages, our linguistic window into human history, cognition and culture will be seriously fragmented.Genealogy versus geography Constraints on grammar Unusual languages Language loss Conclusio

Direct targets of the transcription factors ABA-Insensitive(ABI)4 and ABI5 reveal synergistic action by ABI4 and several bZIP ABA response factors

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key regulator of seed development. In addition to promoting seed maturation, ABA inhibits seed germination and seedling growth. Many components involved in ABA response have been identified, including the transcription factors ABA insensitive (ABI)4 and ABI5. The genes encoding these factors are expressed predominantly in developing and mature seeds, and are positive regulators of ABA mediated inhibition of seed germination and growth. The direct effects of ABI4 and ABI5 in ABA response remain largely undefined. To address this question, plants over-expressing ABI4 or ABI5 were used to allow identification of direct transcriptional targets. Ectopically expressed ABI4 and ABI5 conferred ABA-dependent induction of slightly over 100 genes in 11 day old plants. In addition to effector genes involved in seed maturation and reserve storage, several signaling proteins and transcription factors were identified as targets of ABI4 and/or ABI5. Although only 12% of the ABA- and ABI-dependent transcriptional targets were induced by both ABI factors in 11 day old plants, 40% of those normally expressed in seeds had reduced transcript levels in both abi4 and abi5 mutants. Surprisingly, many of the ABI4 transcriptional targets do not contain the previously characterized ABI4 binding motifs, the CE1 or S box, in their promoters, but some of these interact with ABI4 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, suggesting that sequence recognition by ABI4 may be more flexible than known canonical sequences. Yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated synergistic action of ABI4 with ABI5 or related bZIP factors in regulating these promoters, and mutant analyses showed that ABI4 and these bZIPs share some functions in plants

Genome-Wide Transcript Profiling of Endosperm without Paternal Contribution Identifies Parent-of-Origin–Dependent Regulation of AGAMOUS-LIKE36

Seed development in angiosperms is dependent on the interplay among different transcriptional programs operating in the embryo, the endosperm, and the maternally-derived seed coat. In angiosperms, the embryo and the endosperm are products of double fertilization during which the two pollen sperm cells fuse with the egg cell and the central cell of the female gametophyte. In Arabidopsis, analyses of mutants in the cell-cycle regulator CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE A;1 (CKDA;1) have revealed the importance of a paternal genome for the effective development of the endosperm and ultimately the seed. Here we have exploited cdka;1 fertilization as a novel tool for the identification of seed regulators and factors involved in parent-of-origin–specific regulation during seed development. We have generated genome-wide transcription profiles of cdka;1 fertilized seeds and identified approximately 600 genes that are downregulated in the absence of a paternal genome. Among those, AGAMOUS-LIKE (AGL) genes encoding Type-I MADS-box transcription factors were significantly overrepresented. Here, AGL36 was chosen for an in-depth study and shown to be imprinted. We demonstrate that AGL36 parent-of-origin–dependent expression is controlled by the activity of METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) maintenance DNA methyltransferase and DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase. Interestingly, our data also show that the active maternal allele of AGL36 is regulated throughout endosperm development by components of the FIS Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), revealing a new type of dual epigenetic regulation in seeds

The who, where, what, how and when of market entry

This introductory, along with the eight articles contained within this Special Issue, highlights and brings greater clarity to entrant-incumbent interactions and to firm movement - when entrants traverse market territories for the creation and/or delivery of offerings, where 'markets' include service or product categories, technology or resource spaces, industries, sectors and/or geographies. Collectively, this Special Issues explains that firm movement across market boundaries is highly consequential, influencing resource-capability mixes inside firms, interfirm relations, market logic and industry value chains, and of course, people, communities and even nations. Specifically, we develop a field-wide perspective of market entry by expanding on the framework of market entry that Zachary and his colleagues developed (Zachary et al., 2015) - i.e., the who (players such as incumbents, entrants, suppliers, etc.), when (the timing and sequence of entry), how (the strategy, resources, capabilities, etc.), where (the space of entry) and what (product, service, business model, etc.) - to include two additional categories: complements (networks, platforms, ecosystems) and non-market elements (government, political, social and cultural arrangements). We also summarize the eight highly diverse and insightful articles that make this Special Issue, and conclude with a discussion to highlight foundational questions that point to new directions in future research in this field. In sum, we hope to inspire scholars to go beyond counting outcomes (e.g., entry/exit rates, or profiling successful versus unsuccessful entrants), to consider contexts, processes and contingencies (e.g., cost, time, collaboration, competition, interfirm relations, etc.) and to discover boundary conditions that inform a theory of market entry