Trends in the development of Civil Law

The issue of exempting self-employed Russians from taxes and mandatory contributions in Russia remained open for a long time. The solution of this issue remained relevant for long due to the fact that in Russia millions of people work independently in different spheres (from minor repairs and construction to car-care auto centers)

Role of catestatin in development and decompensation of heart failure: a literature review

The current literature review covers the role of sympathetic nervous system activation (SNS) and the significance of a new biomarker catestatin (CST), which is a chromogranin A-derived peptide, for assessing prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF). This review details the works devoted to CST metabolism and its role in clinical conditions with excessive catecholamine production, including the ability to counterbalance the adverse effects of SNS on cardiovascular system. The paper also presents the central results of studies on HF patients and shows the correlation of the CST level with HF functional class and stage. In addition, particular attention is paid on the possibilities and potential benefits of assessing the CST in addition to conventional management of patients hospitalized due to acute decompensated heart failure

Correction of retinal angiopathy of hypertensive type by minoxidil, sildenafil in experiment

For the study of retinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents a model of retinal angiopathy of hypertensive type was created against the background of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg rat body weight for 28 days. Detection of preconditioning properties of pharmacological agents may be a new approach in the correction and prevention of retinal angiopathy, which is the initial part of hypertensive retinopath

The development of hypertensive neuroretinopathy model on wistar rats

A model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy was developed on Wistar line rats with administration of non-selective NO-synthase blocker N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days on the background of single increased intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg. As a result of the interim evaluation of pathology simulation mode the most optimal was a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy with 5-minute increased IOP at day 26 of the experiment on the background of L-NAME for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agent

Pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia/reperfusion by minoxidil

The objective of this paper was to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia-reperfusion by using minoxidil. Minoxidil at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of rat mass protects the retina from ischemic-reperfusion injury. Protective effects of minoxidil are carried out by a preconditioning action, as evidenced by the lack of positive effects with the administration of glibenclamid

Comparison of the efficiency of zero and first order minimization methods in neural networks

To minimize the objective function in neural networks, first-order methods are usually used, which involve the repeated calculation of the gradient. The number of variables in modern neural networks can be many thousands and even millions. Numerous experiments show that the analytical calculation time of an N variable function’s gradient is approximately N/5 times longer than the calculation time of the function itself. The article considers the possibility of using zero-order methods to minimize the function. In particular, a new zero-order method for function minimization, descent over two-dimensional spaces, is proposed. The convergence rates of three different methods are compared: standard gradient descent with automatic step selection, coordinate descent with step selection for each coordinate, and descent over two-dimensional subspaces. It has been shown that the efficiency of properly organized zero-order methods in the considered problems of training neural networks is not lower than the gradient ones

Pharmacological preconditioning by recombinant erythropoietin as the possibility of increasing the stability of tissue of the retina to reperfusion ischemia in experiment

Ischemic injury was formed in laboratory rats by applying mechanical pressure (110 mm Hg) to the anterior eye chamber for 30 minutes. The experiment revealed that the recombinant erythropoietin (50 IU/kg) prevents the development of degenerative changes in retinal layers caused by ischemic injur

Pharmacological correction of morphofunctional retinal injury using 11-amino acid fragment of darbepoetin in the experiment

The retinoprotective effect of the 11-amino acid fragment of darbepoetin PRK-002 on the models of hypertensive retinal angiopathy and hypertensive neuroretinopathy in Wistar rats was investigated in comparison with carbamylated darbepoetin and sulodexide. The study revealed angio- and neuroprotective activity of the 11-amino acid fragment of darbepoetin PRK-002 in correction of retinal injury formed on the background of hypertensio

Education as a leading factor in the development of society

At present, the universities of Russia have accumulated a vast experience in teaching various disciplines. However, this experience is often not beyond separate educational institutions and departments. And many young teachers are keenly lack the scientific and methodical lessons and the need for accumulation of methodological experience. The purpose of the educational activity consists in both assimilation selected knowledge, experience that mankind has developed, and in improving knowledge, skills and habits. In order to rationalize the methods of educational activity, to find the best ways to solve educational problems, innovative methods of teaching developed. Educational game is one of the methods of active learning and is widely used in the educational process. Nevertheless, the practice of using educational games in teaching at the law faculty is rare at the time when domestic and foreign pedagogy indicate that active learning technologies, including educational games, contribute to the formation of cognitive and professional motives and interests of trainee