PERSPECTIVA PSICOSOCIAL DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS

Hoy en día es imprescindible abordar el problema de los derechos desde una perspectiva holística que integre la posición que el individuo ocupa en la sociedad y el impacto de los hechos sociales sobre su persona. Esta perspectiva va por lo tanto más allá del enfoque clásico de las violaciones a los derechos civiles y políticos de los ciudadanos sino, también incluye sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. Cualquier enfoque de tipo holístico debe entender al ser humano en su ambiente, social, cultural, natural y en función a todas las estructuras existentes, por más sutiles que sean o invisibles que parezcan. Precisamente este libro permite apreciar la dimensión amplia y compleja del ser en sociedad y las interacciones que de ambas partes se generan y las ramificaciones que producen. No es un ejercicio fácil y los editores de este volumen han logrado un salto cuántico al poder congregar en un solo espacio miradas que en otras circunstancias podrían haber sido opuestas y hasta contrarias a nuestra comprensión de problemas que, en efecto, tienen raíces comunes. El libro está dividido en 5 secciones, El espíritu de los tiempos actuales y los Derechos Humanos, Construcción ciudadana y ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos, Violaciones a Derechos Humanos, victimizaciones y su atención, Ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos y situaciones disruptivas y Defensa y defensores de Derechos Humanos.Manuel Gutiérrez Romero Jessica Ruiz Magañ

Evolutionary winners are ecological losers among oceanic island plants

Aim Adaptive radiation, in which successful lineages proliferate by exploiting untapped niche space, provides a popular but potentially misleading characterization of evolution on oceanic islands. Here we analyse the respective roles of members of in situ diversified vs. non-diversified lineages in shaping the main ecosystems of an archipelago to explore the relationship between evolutionary and ecological ‘success’. Location Canary Islands. Taxon Vascular plants. Methods We quantified the abundance/rarity of the native flora according to the geographical range (number of islands where present and geographical extent of the range), habitat breadth (climatic niche) and local abundance (cover) using species distribution data based on 500 × 500 m grid cells and 2000 vegetation inventories located all over the archipelago. Results Species of diversified lineages have significantly smaller geographic ranges, narrower climatic niches and lower local abundances than those of non-diversified lineages. Species rarity increased with the degree of diversification. The diversified Canarian flora is mainly comprised by shrubs. At both archipelagic and island level, the four core ecosystems (Euphorbia scrub, thermophilous woodlands, laurel forest and pine forest) were dominated by non-diversified lineages species, with diversified lineages species providing <25% cover. Species of diversified lineages, although constituting 54% of the archipelagic native flora, were only abundant in two rare ecosystems: high mountain scrub and rock communities. Main conclusions Radiated species, endemic products of in situ speciation, are mostly rare in all three rarity axes and typically do not play an important role in structuring plant communities on the Canaries. The vegetation of the major ecosystem types is dominated by plants representing non-diversified lineages (species that derive from immigration and accumulation), while species of evolutionarily successful lineages are abundant only in marginal habitats and could, therefore, be considered ecological losers. Within this particular oceanic archipelago, and we posit within at least some others, evolutionary success in plants is accomplished predominantly at the margins.publishedVersio

Satisfaction analysis of overground gait exoskeletons in people with neurological pathology. a systematic review

Abstract Background People diagnosed with neurological pathology may experience gait disorders that affect their quality of life. In recent years, research has been carried out on a variety of exoskeletons in this population. However, the satisfaction perceived by the users of these devices is not known. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the satisfaction perceived by users with neurological pathology (patients and professionals) after the use of overground exoskeletons. Methods A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted. In order to be included in this review for further analysis, the studies had to meet the following criteria: [1] the study population was people diagnosed with neurological pathology; [2] the exoskeletons had to be overground and attachable to the lower limbs; and [3]: the studies were to include measures assessing either patient or therapist satisfaction with the exoskeletons. Results Twenty-three articles were selected, of which nineteen were considered clinical trials. Participants diagnosed with stroke (n = 165), spinal cord injury (SCI) (n = 102) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 68). Fourteen different overground exoskeleton models were analysed. Fourteen different methods of assessing patient satisfaction with the devices were found, and three ways to evaluate it in therapists. Conclusion Users’ satisfaction with gait overground exoskeletons in stroke, SCI and MS seems to show positive results in safety, efficacy and comfort of the devices. However, the worst rated aspects and therefore those that should be optimized from the users’ point of view are ease of adjustment, size and weight, and ease of use

Effects of ATLAS 2030 gait exoskeleton on strength and range of motion in children with spinal muscular atrophy II: a case series

Abstract Background Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) present muscle weakness and atrophy that results in a number of complications affecting their mobility, hindering their independence and the development of activities of daily living. Walking has well-recognized physiological and functional benefits. The ATLAS 2030 exoskeleton is a paediatric device that allows gait rehabilitation in children with either neurological or neuromuscular pathologies with gait disorders. The purpose is to assess the effects in range of motion (ROM) and maximal isometric strength in hips, knees and ankles of children with SMA type II after the use of ATLAS 2030 exoskeleton. Methods Three children (mean age 5.7 ± 0.6) received nine sessions bi-weekly of 60 min with ATLAS 2030. ROM was assessed by goniometry and strength by hand-held dynamometer. All modes of use of the exoskeleton were tested: stand up and sit down, forward and backward walking, and gait in automatic and active-assisted modes. In addition, different activities were performed during the gait session. A descriptive analysis of all variables was carried out. Results The average time of use was 53.5 ± 12.0 min in all sessions, and all participants were able to carry out all the proposed activities as well as to complete the study. Regarding isometric strength, all the measurements increased compared to the initial state, obtaining the greatest improvements for the hip flexors (60.2%) and extensors muscles (48.0%). The ROM increased 12.6% in hip and 34.1% in the ankle after the study, while knee ROM remained stable after the study. Conclusion Improvements were showed in ROM and maximal isometric strength in hips, knees and ankles after using ATLAS 2030 paediatric gait exoskeleton in all three children. This research could serve as a preliminary support for future clinical integration of ATLAS 2030 as a part of a long-term rehabilitation of children with SMA. Trial registration: The approval was obtained (reference 47/370329.9/19) by Comunidad de Madrid Regional Research Ethics Committee with Medical Products and the clinical trial has been registered on Clinical Trials.gov: NCT04837157