Thermal characteristics of the Airy wall jet for constant surface heat flux

The Airy jet is a wall-bounded flow belonging to the similarity class of the well known free jet but, in contrast to the latter, its far field behavior is an algebraically decaying rotational flow. The present paper investigates the thermal characteristics of the Airy jet over a wall with prescribed constant heat flux. The scaling behavior found for small and large values of the Prandtl number is compared to those obtained earlier for (a) the case of a wall with prescribed constant temperature and for (b) the case of a preheated Airy jet adjacent to an insulated wal

Heat transfer characteristics of the algebraically decaying Glauert jet

The classical exponentially decaying wall jet considered independently by Tetervin (NACA TN 1644 40pp, 1948), Akatnov (Leningrad Politek Inst Trudy 5:24-31, 1953) and Glauert (J Fluid Mech 1:625-643, 1956) as well as its algebraically decaying counterpart (which will be referred to hereafter as "algebraic Glauert Jet”, or AG-jet for short) belong to the same similarity class of solutions of the boundary layer equations. We investigate in this paper the thermal characteristics of a nonpreheated AG-jet over a permeable wall for prescribed constant wall temperature and prescribed constant heat flux. Their scaling behavior for small and large values of the Prandtl number is discussed in detail and compared to that of the classical Tetervin-Akatnov-Glauert wall je

The preheated Airy wall jet

The Airy jet is a wall-bounded flow belonging to the similarity class of the well known free jet but, in contrast to the latter, its far field behavior is an algebraically decaying rotational flow. The velocity and temperature distributions of a preheated Airy jet flowing over an insulated wall are investigated using both analytical and numerical methods, and are compared with those of the classical (preheated) exponentially decaying wall jet. For the same value of the dimensionless skin friction parameter, the maximum of the similar velocity profile of the Airy jet exceeds that of the classical wall jet by approximately 20%. The dimensionless temperature along the insulated wall scales for large values of the Prandtl number with Pr2/3 for both jets, while for small values of the Prandtl number the temperature scales with Pr1/3 for the Airy jet and goes to 1 for the classical wall je

Heat transfer characteristics of the algebraically decaying Glauert jet

ISSN:0947-7411ISSN:1432-118

Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown fluid replacement beverages ingested after exercise can affect hydration biomarkers. No specific hydration marker is universally accepted as an ideal rehydration parameter following strenuous exercise. Currently, changes in body mass are used as a parameter during post-exercise hydration. Additional parameters are needed to fully appreciate and better understand rehydration following strenuous exercise. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm trial assessed the effect of high-pH water on four biomarkers after exercise-induced dehydration. METHODS: One hundred healthy adults (50 M/50 F, 31 ± 6 years of age) were enrolled at a single clinical research center in Camden, NJ and completed this study with no adverse events. All individuals exercised in a warm environment (30 °C, 70% relative humidity) until their weight was reduced by a normally accepted level of 2.0 ± 0.2% due to perspiration, reflecting the effects of exercise in producing mild dehydration. Participants were randomized to rehydrate with an electrolyzed, high-pH (alkaline) water or standard water of equal volume (2% body weight) and assessed for an additional 2-h recovery period following exercise in order to assess any potential variations in measured parameters. The following biomarkers were assessed at baseline and during their recovery period: blood viscosity at high and low shear rates, plasma osmolality, bioimpedance, and body mass, as well as monitoring vital signs. Furthermore, a mixed model analysis was performed for additional validation. RESULTS: After exercise-induced dehydration, consumption of the electrolyzed, high-pH water reduced high-shear viscosity by an average of 6.30% compared to 3.36% with standard purified water (p = 0.03). Other measured biomarkers (plasma osmolality, bioimpedance, and body mass change) revealed no significant difference between the two types of water for rehydration. However, a mixed model analysis validated the effect of high-pH water on high-shear viscosity when compared to standard purified water (p = 0.0213) after controlling for covariates such as age and baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: A significant difference in whole blood viscosity was detected in this study when assessing a high-pH, electrolyte water versus an acceptable standard purified water during the recovery phase following strenuous exercise-induced dehydration