Pay Differences Between Women's and Men's Jobs: The Empirical Foundations of Comparable Worth Legislation

Civil rights legislation of the 1960s made it illegal foran employer to pay men and women on different bases for the same work or to discriminate against women in hiring, job assignment, or promotion. Two decades later, however, the ratio of women's to men's earnings has shown little upward movement. Furthermore, major sex differences in occupational distribution persist with predominantly female jobs typically paying less than predominantly male jobs. This negative relationship between wage rates and femaleness of occupatiop has stimulated efforts, in both the judicial and political arenas, to establish "comparable worth" procedures for setting wage rates.This paper etimates the relationship between wages and femaleness of occupation and finds that it is indeed negative even after controlling for relevant worker and job characteristics. The magnitude of the relationship, however, implies a surprisingly small effect for a comprehensive comparable worth policy. The estimates indicate that, even if comparable worth succeeded in eliminating this negative relationship, the disparity between mean male and female wages would be reduced by well under ten percent of its current magnitude.

Active Brownian Particles and Run-and-Tumble Particles: a Comparative Study

Active Brownian particles (ABPs) and Run-and-Tumble particles (RTPs) both self-propel at fixed speed $v$ along a body-axis ${\bf u}$ that reorients either through slow angular diffusion (ABPs) or sudden complete randomisation (RTPs). We compare the physics of these two model systems both at microscopic and macroscopic scales. Using exact results for their steady-state distribution in the presence of external potentials, we show that they both admit the same effective equilibrium regime perturbatively that breaks down for stronger external potentials, in a model-dependent way. In the presence of collisional repulsions such particles slow down at high density: their propulsive effort is unchanged, but their average speed along ${\bf u}$ becomes $v(\rho) < v$. A fruitful avenue is then to construct a mean-field description in which particles are ghost-like and have no collisions, but swim at a variable speed $v$ that is an explicit function or functional of the density $\rho$. We give numerical evidence that the recently shown equivalence of the fluctuating hydrodynamics of ABPs and RTPs in this case, which we detail here, extends to microscopic models of ABPs and RTPs interacting with repulsive forces.Comment: 32 pages, 6 figure

Generalized thermodynamics of Motility-Induced Phase Separation: Phase equilibria, Laplace pressure, and change of ensembles

Motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) leads to cohesive active matter in the absence of cohesive forces. We present, extend and illustrate a recent generalized thermodynamic formalism which accounts for its binodal curve. Using this formalism, we identify both a generalized surface tension, that controls finite-size corrections to coexisting densities, and generalized forces, that can be used to construct new thermodynamic ensembles. Our framework is based on a nonequilibrium generalization of the Cahn-Hilliard equation and we discuss its application to active particles interacting either via quorum-sensing interactions or directly through pairwise forces.Comment: 33 pages, 14 figure

Principal and teacher beliefs and knowledge regarding grade retention : a case study

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 27, 2007)Vita.Thesis (Ed. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2007.This study examined the beliefs and knowledge of principals and teachers in a selected Missouri public school district. One hundred and thirty-two teachers and nineteen principals participated in the study. The use of retention in the selected school district was found to be a widely accepted practice among teachers. Principals did not agree with the practice of grade retention, but did not rule out the use of retention, especially in the primary grades. Principals and teachers possessed very little knowledge on the current research findings and relied on their own experiences when making decisions regarding retention. Principals based their decision whether to promote or retain on student potential and teachers based their decisions on current academic achievement.Includes bibliographical reference

The Attainment of Pay Equity Between the Sexes by Legal Means: An Economic Analysis

The purpose of this Article is to present an analysis of the gap between men\u27s and women\u27s wages with particular emphasis on the likely effects of various existing and proposed legal remedies. Part I sets out a simple ideal statistical model of wage determination. Its purpose is to identify carefully the potential impact of alternative legal remedies such as the Equal Pay Act, Title VII, and proposed policies like comparable worth. This model is ideal in the sense that, although it could be estimated in principle, there is no data set currently available with which it could actually be estimated. Part II explores the impact of these various legal remedies on individual organizations, because each existing or proposed remedy would be implemented on an organization- by-organization basis rather than on an economy wide basis. Part III addresses the empirical dimensions of the problem raised by the comparable worth movement-the average wage disparity between men\u27s jobs and women\u27s jobs. We initially offer a range of estimates of the potential impact of comparable worth on the average male-female wage gap in the United States based on the assumption that there would be no secondary effects on employment, relative prices, and other wage levels. This assumption is lifted in Part IV, which discusses the adjustments that organizations affected by comparable worth or other laws would make in their employment of different types of labor, the associated wage rates, and their product prices. Consideration of these secondary effects implies that legal interventions designed to improve the relative labor market status of women might have very different effects from those expected under the zero-adjustment assumption of Part III

Gender equality and investments in adolescents in the rural Philippines:

"...Many studies have looked at the way resources are distributed to men, women, and especially to small children, but one age group within the family has been largely ignored: the adolescents. Adolescence is a crucial period in that teenagers can make major contributions to their families' welfare through their labor and earnings, in and outside the household, but may sacrifice their own wishes and future well-being in the process if such contributions come at the expense of investments in their education. The research methodology in this report, combining regression analysis with ethnography, provides a lesson in how complementarities between methodological approaches can be exploited...The research finds that parents are not unduly influenced by short-term needs and are ready to make substantial sacrifices in terms of current consumption in order to invest in their children's future. The research also concludes that boys and girls in this rural area of the Philippines are generally treated equally, provid ing a contrast with other Asian settings where discrimination by gender is common." (Forward by Per Pinstrup- Andersen)Teenagers Philippines Social conditions., Rural families Philippines., Gender, Health and nutrition, Education Economic aspects Philippines., Household resource allocation, Health.,

Bilingual Spanish Vowels: The Case of Heritage Speakers

Previous research on heritage Spanish vowel production has revealed consistent and systematic differences—including asymmetry in the vowel space, condensing and fronting of back vowels, and reduction and centralization of unstressed vowels—as compared to traditional descriptions of the monolingual Spanish vowel triangle. The present study takes another look at heritage Spanish vowels (both quality and quantity), using a group of “homeland” native Spanish-speaking late Spanish-English bilinguals for comparison purposes. Data for both groups were collected via a dyadic, meaning-focused task. Results revealed significant differences between heritage and homeland groups in front and mid-vowel quality, but no differences in vowel quantity. Additionally, both speaker groups centralized unstressed vowels, but no differences were found between groups. The heritage speaker data alone appear quite comparable to those of previous studies; however, the comparison to native Spanish-speaking late bilinguals points to important differences (and similarities) not previously signaled in studies that compare production to monolingual norms

Hatchery development of marine bivalve molluscs

The direction of my Marine Resource Management program has been to develop an expertise in a particular area of aquaculture, complemented by a general knowledge of oceanographic principles. Specifically, my area of interest is the culture of marine bivalve molluscs. Prior to entering the MRM program, I had worked with Systemculture Corporation in Hawaii on the research and development of large-scale phytoplankton cultures for the closed system production of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. As part of my program at O.S.U., I interned with the Whiskey Creek Oyster Farm in Tillamook, Oregon. This hatchery is among the largest and most efficiently operated hatcheries in the world and has become the primary seed supplier to commercial oyster growers along the west coast of North America. Aquaculture-oriented coursework in my program included Fish and Molluscan Culture, Fish Diseases, and Seafood Processing. In a special projects course under Wilbur Breese at the Marine Science Center, I learned the histological microtechinque for the preparation and interpretation of bivalve gonadal samples and worked with the Pacific weathervane scallop, Patinopecten caurinus, to develop an induced spawning method and investigate early larval development parameters. My courses in Agricultural Finance, Statistics and Microcomputers will be useful in developing and managing an aquacultural business. Given my past experience and current education, I feel I am now qualified to work towards the development of hatchery production technology of aquaculturally desirable bivalve species. This report presents an outline for the development of a bivalve species to hatchery production. In addition, included are aspects of work with induced spawning and larval rearing of the Pacific weathervane scallop, Patinopecten caurinus, a species which shows potential for commercial hatchery production

Generalized thermodynamics of phase equilibria in scalar active matter.

Motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) arises generically in fluids of self-propelled particles when interactions lead to a kinetic slowdown at high densities. Starting from a continuum description of scalar active matter akin to a generalized Cahn-Hilliard equation, we give a general prescription for the mean densities of coexisting phases in flux-free steady states that amounts, at a hydrodynamics scale, to extremizing an effective free energy. We illustrate our approach on two well-known models: self-propelled particles interacting either through a density-dependent propulsion speed or via direct pairwise forces. Our theory accounts quantitatively for their phase diagrams, providing a unified description of MIPS

Cerimonial e protocolo na defesa de monografia dos cursos de graduação: um rito de passagem

Analyzes undergraduate final work presentations, as a graduation ritual, and discusses the meaning of these presentations using the experience of the tourism undergraduate students at the University of Fortaleza. It presents a theory review about the ceremonial functioning and protocol and their uses in academic life and how it can be used to understand the passage ritual for the student that is about to graduated. The main objective is to identify how important this passage ritual is for the academic community. The methodology used was a participant’s research, taking real experience as support, considering professors and students in a same discipline in the tourism course. The final defense presentation is characterized as an intermediate passage ritual for the graduation ceremony, since it represents a step from academic to professional life. Intends, using the bibliography review and the field research, to create a ceremonial guidebook and protocol to base final work presentations of undergraduate courses.Discorre sobre a apresentação da monografia de graduação, como rito de passagem e discute o significado da defesa da monografia nos cursos de graduação, partindo-se desta vivência no Curso de Turismo da Universidade de Fortaleza. Apresenta revisão teórica sobre as funções do cerimonial e protocolo e sua utilização na vida acadêmica e os ritos de passagem, para o aluno concluinte. Objetiva identificar a relevância deste rito de passagem para a comunidade acadêmica. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa participante, que é iniciada na realidade concreta, tendo o estudo se desenvolvido dentro do próprio grupo de professores e alunos envolvidos com a disciplina. Caracteriza-se a defesa de monografia como rito intermediário de passagem para o ato de colação de grau, por ser este o rito de passagem da vida acadêmica para a vida profissional. Propôs-se, com base na revisão bibliográfica e no estudo de campo, um roteiro de cerimonial e protocolo para defesas de monografias nos cursos de graduação