Stimulus Novelty Energizes Actions in the Absence of Explicit Reward

Novelty seeking has been tied to impulsive choice and biased value based choice. It has been postulated that novel stimuli should trigger more vigorous approach and exploration. However, it is unclear whether stimulus novelty can enhance simple motor actions in the absence of explicit reward, a necessary condition for energizing approach and exploration in an entirely unfamiliar situation. In this study human subjects were cued to omit or perform actions in form of button presses by novel or familiar images. We found that subjects’ motor actions were faster when cued by a novel compared to a familiar image. This facilitation by novelty was strongest when the delay between cue and action was short, consistent with a link between novelty and impulsive choices. The facilitation of reaction times by novelty was correlated across subjects with trait novelty seeking as measured in the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. However, this li between high novelty-seeking and action facilitation was driven by trials with a long delay between cue and action. This prolonged time window of energization following novelty could hint at a mechanistic underpinning of enhanced vigour for approach and exploration frequently postulated for novelty seeking humans. In conclusion, we show that stimulus novelty enhances the speed of a cued motor action. We suggest this is likely to reflect an adaptation to changing environments but may also provide a source of maladaptive choice and impulsive behaviour

In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, total phenolic contents and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of extracts of seven Phyllanthus sp

AbstractPhyllanthus species has long been used in folk medicine in many countries as antimicrobials and/or antioxidants. Eighty percent methanol extracts obtained from seven Phyllanthus sp. were evaluated for antibacterial activity using the broth micro-dilution assay, anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity using the HIV-RT assay, antiradical scavenging effects and phenolic contents using the DPPH assay and Folin–Ciocalteau colorimetric method, respectively. Best antibacterial activity as indicated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was obtained by Phyllanthus amarus against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) with a MIC value of 17.7μg/ml. Phyllanthus myrtifolius and Phyllanthus urinaria inhibited growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri (Gram-negative) with MIC values of 78μg/ml and 117μg/ml, respectively. A strong inhibition of HIV-RT was obtained by Phyllanthus pulcher (IC50 5.9μg/ml) followed by P. urinaria and P. myrtifolius (IC50 of 10.4 and 12.7μg/ml, respectively). A remarkable DPPH scavenging effect was observed with P. myrtifolius, Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. urinaria (IC50 of 10.2, 10.8 and 17.4μg/ml, respectively). Highest total phenolic contents were recorded for P. myrtifolius and P. urinaria (207 and 205mg/GAE/g respectively). With the exception of P. amarus, Phyllantus debilis and P. pulcher, total phenolic contents correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Our findings support the uses of the Phyllanthus species in traditional medicine. The interesting biological activities obtained by P. myrtifolius, P. urinaria and P. pulcher need to be further investigated to isolate active agents and to study their mechanism of action

Model-based planning deficits in compulsivity are linked to faulty neural representations of task structure

Compulsive individuals have deficits in model-based planning, but the mechanisms that drive this have not been established. We examined two candidates—that compulsivity is linked to (i) an impaired model of the task environment and/or (ii) an inability to engage cognitive control when making choices. To test this, 192 participants performed a two-step reinforcement learning task with concurrent EEG recordings and we related the neural and behavioral data to their scores on a self-reported transdiagnostic dimension of compulsivity. To examine subjects’ internal model of the task, we used established behavioral and neural responses to unexpected events (reaction time (RT) slowing, P300 and parietal-occipital alpha-band power) measured when an unexpected transition occurred. To assess cognitive control, we probed theta power at the time of initial choice. As expected, model-based planning was linked to greater behavioral (RT) and neural (alpha power, but not P300) sensitivity to rare transitions. Critically, the sensitivity of both RT and alpha to task structure was weaker in those high in compulsivity. This RT-compulsivity effect was tested and replicated in an independent pre-existing dataset (N = 1413). We also found that mid-frontal theta power at the time of choice was reduced in high compulsive individuals though its relation to model-based planning was less pronounced. These data suggest that model-based planning deficits in compulsive individuals may arise, at least in part, from having an impaired representation of the environment, specifically how actions lead to future states

Potential Quality Indicators for Seriously Ill Home Care Clients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care (RAI-HC) Data for Ontario

Background Currently, there are no formalized measures for the quality of home based palliative care in Ontario. This study developed a set of potential quality indicators for seriously ill home care clients using a standardized assessment. Methods Secondary analysis of Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care data for Ontario completed between 2006 and 2013 was used to develop quality indicators (QIs) thought to be relevant to the needs of older (65+) seriously ill clients. QIs were developed through a review of the literature and consultation with subject matter experts in palliative care. Serious illness was defined as a prognosis of less than 6 months to live or the presence of severe health instability. The rates of the QIs were stratified across Ontario’s geographic regions, and across four common life-limiting illnesses to observe variation. Results Within the sample, 14,312 clients were considered to be seriously ill and were more likely to experience negative health outcomes such as cognitive performance (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 2.66–2.89) and pain (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.53–1.64). Twenty subject matter experts were consulted and a list of seven QIs was developed. Indicators with the highest overall rates were prevalence of falls (50%) prevalence of daily pain (47%), and prevalence of caregiver distress (42%). The range in QI rates was largest across regions for prevalence of caregiver distress (21.5%), the prevalence of falls (16.6%), and the prevalence of social isolation (13.7%). Those with some form of dementia were most likely to have a caregiver that was distressed (52.6%) or to experience a fall (53.3%). Conclusion Home care clients in Ontario who are seriously ill are experiencing high rates of negative health outcomes, many of which are amenable to change. The RAI-HC can be a useful tool in identifying these clients in order to better understand their needs and abilities. These results contribute significantly to the process of creating and validating a standardized set of QIs that can be generated by organizations using the RAI-HC as part of normal clinical practice

Melting of Flux Lines in an Alternating Parallel Current

We use a Langevin equation to examine the dynamics and fluctuations of a flux line (FL) in the presence of an {\it alternating longitudinal current} $J_{\parallel}(\omega)$. The magnus and dissipative forces are equated to those resulting from line tension, confinement in a harmonic cage by neighboring FLs, parallel current, and noise. The resulting mean-square FL fluctuations are calculated {\it exactly}, and a Lindemann criterion is then used to obtain a nonequilibrium `phase diagram' as a function of the magnitude and frequency of $J_{\parallel}(\omega)$. For zero frequency, the melting temperature of the mixed phase (a lattice, or the putative "Bose" or "Bragg Glass") vanishes at a limiting current. However, for any finite frequency, there is a non-zero melting temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

Longitudinal Current Dissipation in Bose-glass Superconductors

A scaling theory of vortex motion in Bose glass superconductors with currents parallel to the common direction of the magnetic field and columnar defects is presented. Above the Bose-glass transition the longitudinal DC resistivity $\rho_{||}(T)\sim (T-T_{BG})^{\nu' z'}$ vanishes much faster than the corresponding transverse resistivity $\rho_{\perp}(T)\sim (T-T_{BG})^{\nu' (z'-2)}$, thus {\it reversing} the usual anisotropy of electrical transport in the normal state of layered superconductors. In the presence of a current $\bf J$ at an angle $\theta_J$ with the common field and columnar defect axis, the electric field angle $\theta_E$ approaches $\pi/2$ as $T\rightarrow T_{BG}^+$. Scaling also predicts the behavior of penetration depths for the AC currents as $T\rightarrow T_{BG}^-$, and implies a {\it jump discontinuity} at $T_{BG}$ in the superfluid density describing transport parallel to the columns.Comment: 5 pages, revte

Unconditional and conditional standards for fetal abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight in an ethnic Chinese population: a birth cohort study

10.1186/s12884-015-0569-1BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth151411-11GUSTO (Growing up towards Healthy Outcomes

Defect-unbinding and the Bose-glass transition in layered superconductors

The low-field Bose-glass transition temperature in heavy-ion irradiated Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8+d increases progressively with increasing density of irradiation-induced columnar defects, but saturates for densities in excess of 1.5 x10^9 cm^-2. The maximum Bose-glass temperature corresponds to that above which diffusion of two-dimensional pancake vortices between different vortex lines becomes possible, and above which the ``line-like'' character of vortices is lost. We develop a description of the Bose-glass line that is in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental line obtained for widely different values of track density and material parameters.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

C-reactive protein binds to short phosphoglycan repeats of Leishmania secreted proteophosphoglycans and activates complement.

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) binds to lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a virulence factor of Leishmania spp., through the repeating phosphodisaccharide region. We report here that both major components of promastigote secretory gel (PSG), the filamentous proteophosphoglycan (fPPG) and the secreted acid phosphatase (ScAP), are also ligands. CRP binding was mainly associated with the flagellar pocket when LPG deficient Leishmania mexicana parasites were examined by fluorescent microscopy, consistent with binding to secreted material. ScAP is a major ligand in purified fPPG from parasite culture as demonstrated by much reduced binding to a ScAP deficient mutant fPPG in plate binding assays and ligand blotting. Nevertheless, in sandfly derived PSG fPPG is a major component and the major CRP binding component. Previously we showed high avidity of CRP for LPG ligand required multiple disaccharide repeats. ScAP and fPPG only have short repeats but they retain high avidity for CRP revealed by surface plasmon resonance because they are found in multiple copies on the phosphoglycan. The fPPG from many species such as L. donovani and L. mexicana bound CRP strongly but L. tropica and L. amazonensis had low amounts of binding. The extent of side chain substitution of [-PO4-6Galβ1-4Manα1-] disaccharides correlates inversely with binding of CRP. The ligand for the CRP on different species all had similar binding avidity as the half maximal binding concentration was similar. Since the PSG is injected with the parasites into host blood pools and phosphoglycans (PG) are known to deplete complement, we showed that CRP makes a significant contribution to the activation of complement by PSG using serum from naive donors