276 research outputs found
Gender Beliefs and Cooperation in a Public Goods game Experiment
We study the role of gender beliefs for cooperation in a public goods
game experiment. Controlling for risk preferences and for subjectsâ unconditional willingness to cooperate, we find that gender beliefs affect behavior in homogenous groups where the group composition was announced
Perspectives on Michael A. Bernstein\u27s \u3cem\u3eA Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America\u3c/em\u3e
De keukentafel en de keukendeur â klassenverschillen in de verdeling van huishoudelijke arbeid
In the Netherlands, the redistribution of unpaid housework from women to men is very limited, despite the fact that womenâs labour force participation and level of education has increased significantly over the past decade. We use the feminist economic household bargaining approach to analyse male partnersâ contribution to housework, with primary data from heterosexual couples. We collected the data from two mutually exclusive groups who either supply or demand paid household services through two online agencies. The results show that for the lower class households (those supplying services) men do more unpaid housework when their female partner earns a relatively high income. For the higher class households (those demanding services) we find no such effect for womenâs income. Instead, we find that when men earn relatively high incomes they reduce their contribution to housework. Moreover, we find that with a higher family income, more paid household services are hired. We conclude that for the lower class, income insecurity seems to stimulate men to do more housework, allowing women to do more paid work, whereas for the higher class, more personal and more family income appears to be an escape for men from doing more housework
Variety of Methodological Approach in Economics
It has been argued by some that the distinction between orthodox economics and heterodox economics does not fit the growing variety in economic theory, unified by a common methodological approach. On the other hand, it remains a central characteristic of heterodox economics that it does not share this methodological approach, but rather represents a range of alternative methodological approaches. The paper explores the evidence, and arguments, for variety in economics at different levels, and a range of issues which arise. This requires in turn a discussion of the meaning of variety in economics at the different levels of reality, methodology, method and theory. It is concluded that there is scope for more, rather than less, variety in economic methodologies, as well as within methodologies. Further, if variety is not to take the form of âanything goesâ, then critical discussion by economists of different approaches to economics, and of variety itself, is required
Phase control and measurement in digital microscopy
The ongoing merger of the digital and optical components of the modern microscope is creating opportunities for new measurement techniques, along with new challenges for optical modelling. This thesis investigates several such opportunities and challenges which are particularly relevant to biomedical imaging. Fourier optics is used throughout the thesis as the underlying conceptual model, with a particular emphasis on three--dimensional Fourier optics. A new challenge for optical modelling provided by digital microscopy is the relaxation of traditional symmetry constraints on optical design. An extension of optical transfer function theory to deal with arbitrary lens pupil functions is presented in this thesis. This is used to chart the 3D vectorial structure of the spatial frequency spectrum of the intensity in the focal region of a high aperture lens when illuminated by linearly polarised beam. Wavefront coding has been used successfully in paraxial imaging systems to extend the depth of field. This is achieved by controlling the pupil phase with a cubic phase mask, and thereby balancing optical behaviour with digital processing. In this thesis I present a high aperture vectorial model for focusing with a cubic phase mask, and compare it with results calculated using the paraxial approximation. The effect of a refractive index change is also explored. High aperture measurements of the point spread function are reported, along with experimental confirmation of high aperture extended depth of field imaging of a biological specimen. Differential interference contrast is a popular method for imaging phase changes in otherwise transparent biological specimens. In this thesis I report on a new isotropic algorithm for retrieving the phase from differential interference contrast images of the phase gradient, using phase shifting, two directions of shear, and non--iterative Fourier phase integration incorporating a modified spiral phase transform. This method does not assume that the specimen has a constant amplitude. A simulation is presented which demonstrates good agreement between the retrieved phase and the phase of the simulated object, with excellent immunity to imaging noise
Assumption without representation: the unacknowledged abstraction from communities and social goods
We have not clearly acknowledged the abstraction from unpriceable âsocial goodsâ (derived from
communities) which, different from private and public goods, simply disappear if it is attempted to
market them. Separability from markets and economics has not been argued, much less established.
Acknowledging communities would reinforce rather than undermine them, and thus facilitate
the production of social goods. But it would also help economics by facilitating our understanding
of â and response to â financial crises as well as environmental destruction and many social problems,
and by reducing the alienation from economics often felt by students and the public
Reporting guideline for the early stage clinical evaluation of decision support systems driven by artificial intelligence: DECIDE-AI
A growing number of artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support systems are showing promising performance in preclinical, in silico, evaluation, but few have yet demonstrated real benefit to patient care. Early stage clinical evaluation is important to assess an AI systemâs actual clinical performance at small scale, ensure its safety, evaluate the human factors surrounding its use, and pave the way to further large scale trials. However, the reporting of these early studies remains inadequate. The present statement provides a multistakeholder, consensus-based reporting guideline for the Developmental and Exploratory Clinical Investigations of DEcision support systems driven by Artificial Intelligence (DECIDE-AI). We conducted a two round, modified Delphi process to collect and analyse expert opinion on the reporting of early clinical evaluation of AI systems. Experts were recruited from 20 predefined stakeholder categories. The final composition and wording of the guideline was determined at a virtual consensus meeting. The checklist and the Explanation & Elaboration (E&E) sections were refined based on feedback from a qualitative evaluation process. 123 experts participated in the first round of Delphi, 138 in the second, 16 in the consensus meeting, and 16 in the qualitative evaluation. The DECIDE-AI reporting guideline comprises 17 AI specific reporting items (made of 28 subitems) and 10 generic reporting items, with an E&E paragraph provided for each. Through consultation and consensus with a range of stakeholders, we have developed a guideline comprising key items that should be reported in early stage clinical studies of AI-based decision support systems in healthcare. By providing an actionable checklist of minimal reporting items, the DECIDE-AI guideline will facilitate the appraisal of these studies and replicability of their findings
- âŚ