Il ruolo della spiritualità/religiosità nella prevenzione del recidivismo negli USA

Only more recently, spirituality and religiosity have been hypothesized to be influential for preventing recidivism among returning prisoners (Meckler, 2005). As a result, an increasing cross-party interest has risen to fund initiatives that study how faith-based programming might be influential to reduce recidivism (Lane, 2009; Chaves, 2004; Hodge & Pittman, 2003; O’- Connor & Pallone, 2002). In this paper, the author explores the influence of literature on spirituality, religiosity and recidivism in the US identifying areas for research improvement.Soltanto recentemente si è ipotizzato che la spiritualità e la religiosità possano avere una certa influenza su come prevenire la recidiva. Di conseguenza, nutre un ravvivato interesse nei confronti di studi e ricerche che possano dirci in che modo programmi basati sulla fede religiosa influiscano sulla prevenzione e riduzione della recidiva. In questo lavoro l’autore esplora la letteratura su spiritualità, religiosità e recidiva negli Stati Uniti, evidenziando le aree di possibile evoluzione e perfezionamento della ricerca nel campo

Methane emission from tropical savanna <i>Trachypogon sp.</i> grasses

International audienceMethane flux measurements from the soil-grass system were made during the wet season in unperturbed plots and plots where standing dry and green Trachypogon sp. grasses were clipped to just above the soil surface. Results support the surprising discovery that vegetation emits methane. The dry/green mixture of grasses produce methane at a rate of ~10 ng m?2 s?1, which extrapolated to the global savanna would produce an annual emission of ~5 Tg, much lower than the production recently suggested in the literature. On the other hand, during the wet season savanna soil consume CH4 at a rate of ~4.7 ng m?2 s?1, producing a global sink of ~1.3 Tg yr?1. Therefore, the tropical savanna soil-grass system would make a modest contribution to the global budget of methane

Methane production from mixed tropical savanna and forest vegetation in Venezuela

International audienceMeasurements of methane concentrations in the boundary layer in the northern part of the Guayana shield, Venezuela, during the wet season (October 1988), showed the presence of substantial methane surface emissions. The measuring site is within the savanna climate region, but is affected by emissions from savanna and forest vegetation. From day versus night concentration measurements, with higher concentrations during night, a methane source strength near the site of 3?7×1011 molecules/cm2/s can be estimated, which includes emissions from small tracts of flooded soils, termites and especially tropical vegetation. Extrapolated to the entire savanna, this may imply a methane source of ~30?60 Tg yr?1 similar to the one calculated for tropical vegetation on the basis of recently published in vitro plant emission experiments by Keppler et al. (2006), which indicate emissions of ~30 Tg yr?1 for tropical savannas and grasslands and ~78 Tg yr?1 for tropical forests

Exploring Correlates of Prison Violence in Chilean Prisons: Examining Nationwide, Administrative Data.

In modern times, imprisonment has been established as punishment and not for punishment, which means that the only right that is suspended has to do with freedom of movement. Nevertheless, serving a sentence in Chilean prisons has become a form of continuous punishment that extends far beyond the mere deprivation of liberty. Indeed, Chilean prisons have been criticized for their levels of overcrowding, lack of access to rehabilitative programs, and for their levels of mistreatment towards inmates. In addition, violence has become a common, daily reality in many facilities throughout the country. Its occurrence is problematic not only because it threats security and order inside prisons, but also because it undermines any attempt to successfully develop rehabilitative initiatives inside prison walls. Despite that prison violence has been studied in developed nations, much remains unanswered for developing countries. Thus, this dissertation will try to fill part of this gap by analyzing the correlates of violent events in Chilean prisons as well as by examining which theory of prison violence (among deprivation, administrative-control and importation) seemed to better explain the study’s results. In order to do that, this study employed a combination of both administrative data from the Chilean Bureau of Prisons (Gendarmería de Chile) and some results of the First National Survey on Inmates’ Perception of Quality of Life, conducted in 2013 (Sanhueza, in press). Anchored in the literature review and on empirical findings on prison violence, this study included six representative indicators coming for the three theories tested, while controlling for total inmate population size. Then, descriptive analyses and a series of multivariate, negative binomial regression models were run. Main results indicated that the two importation variables (average inmates’ age and the proportion of inmates highly-engaged in criminal activities) and the control variable remained significant in the full model. Finally, this study highlights some of their possibilities and limitations, as well as suggests some further research questions and policy implications.PhDSocial Work and SociologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110463/1/gesanhue_1.pd

Biometrics of the Posterior Communicating Artery and the Posterior Cerebral Artery in its Precommunicating Segment (P1) of the Arterial Circle of Brain (Willis)

Indexación: ScieloEl conocimiento anatómico y clínico preciso del círculo arterial del cerebro, se hace cada vez más necesario, por la compleja relación neural que presentan las diversas arterias que entran en su formación y además por su gran variabilidad. Utilizamos 36 encéfalos humanos frescos, provenientes de especímenes autopsiados adultos, cuyos datos bioantropológicos fueron previamente registrados. El calibre de las aa. comunicantes posteriores fue, en promedio, de 1,08 mm (DE 0,45 ) en ambos lados y su longitud de 17,51 mm( DE 7,9) en el lado derecho y de 16,9 mm (DE 8,0 ) en el lado izquierdo. La ACP en el segmento P1 presentó un calibre de 2,56 mm (DE 077) en el lado derecho y de 2,32 mm (DE 0,64) en el lado izquierdo. La longitud de estas arterias correspondió a 9,43 mm (DE 8,92) en el lado derecho y de 8,82 mm (DE 7,33 ) en el lado izquierdo. Las dimensiones observadas demuestran variabilidad que consideramos interesante de considerar en la anatomía quirúrgica.http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022006000500015&lang=p

Presence of Appendix Fibrosa Hepatitis: Study of Bioanthropological and Structure Correlation

Indexacion: ScieloRESUMEN: El apéndice fibroso hepático es una estructura anatómica del espacio subfrénico, poco descrita en la literatura universal y de importancia clínica. Se diseñó un protocolo para ser realizado en cadáveres donde se determina su presencia, características y correlación estadística con factores antropométricos. En 24 cadáveres se determina que el apéndice fibroso hepático siempre está presente, y que no existe correlación estadísticamente significativa, pero sí se observa variabilidad entre las dimensiones biométricas analizadas. SUMMARY: The hepatic fibrous appendix is an anatomical structure of the subfrenic space scarcely described in the universal literature and of vital clinical importance. For their study a protocol was designed to be carried out in cadavers where its presence is determined, characteristic and statistical correlation with anthropometric factors. In 24 cadavers it is determined that the hepatic fibrous appendix is always present, and that correlation doesn't exist statistically significant among the analyzed anthropological factors, but it's possible to observe variability in it's dimensions

Optical Sky Brightness at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory from 1992 to 2006

We present optical UBVRI sky brightness measures from 1992 through 2006. The data are based on CCD imagery obtained with the CTIO 0.9-m, 1.3-m, and 1.5-m telescopes. The B- and V-band data are in reasonable agreement with measurements previously made at Mauna Kea, though on the basis of a small number of images per year there are discrepancies for the years 1992 through 1994. Our CCD-based data are not significantly different than values obtained at Cerro Paranal. We find that the yearly averages of V-band sky brightness are best correlated with the 10.7-cm solar flux taken 5 days prior to the sky brightness measures. This implies an average speed of 350 km/sec for the solar wind. While we can measure an enhancement of the night sky levels over La Serena 10 degrees above the horizon, at elevation angles above 45 degrees we find no evidence that the night sky brightness at Cerro Tololo is affected by artificial light of nearby towns and cities.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures, to be published in the June, 2007, issue of the Publications of the Astron. Society of the Pacifi

New insights in the global cycle of acetonitrile: release from the ocean and acetonitrile: release from the ocean and Venezuela

International audienceCUsing the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) technique, acetonitrile was measured during the wet season in a Venezuelan woodland savanna. The site was located downwind of the Caribbean Sea and no biomass burning events were observed in the region. High boundary layer concentrations of 211 ±36 pmol/mol (median, ± standard deviation) were observed during daytime in the well mixed boundary layer, which is about 60 pmol/mol above background concentrations recently measured over the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Most likely acetonitrile is released from the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea thereby enhancing mixing ratios over Venezuela. Acetonitrile concentrations will probably still be much higher in biomass burning plumes, however, the general suitability of acetonitrile as a biomass burning marker should be treated with care. During nights, acetonitrile dropped to levels typically around 120 pmol/mol, which is consistent with a dry deposition velocity of ~0.14 cm/s when a nocturnal boundary layer height of 100 m is assumed