Huntington's disease mortality in Spain in the period 1981-2004

[ES] Introducción: La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa hereditaria autosómica dominante, caracterizada por síntomas motores, cognitivos y psiquiátricos. Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias en la mortalidad por EH en España en el período 1981 a 2004. Pacientes y métodos: Los datos de mortalidad proceden del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, código 333.4 de la CIE-9 para el período 1981 a 1998, y código G10 de la CIE-10 desde 1999. Se han calculado tasas brutas, tasas específicas por edad y tasas ajustadas según la población europea, según el método directo y expresadas por millón de habitantes. Para analizar la tendencia en las tasas de mortalidad se han empleado modelos de regresión de joinpoint. Resultados: En el período estudiado fallecieron 866 personas (452 varones y 414 mujeres) en España por EH. Las tasas ajustadas por millón de habitantes fueron de 0,64 (en 1981) y 1,65 (en 2004) en varones, y de 0,40 (en 1981) y 1,16 (en 2004) en mujeres. La evolución de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad ha sido monótonamente creciente, sin que se hayan identificado puntos de cambio en la tendencia. En promedio, el crecimiento estimado mediante el porcentaje anual de cambio ha sido de 3,76% en varones y de 3,67% en mujeres. Conclusiones: El estudio ha mostrado un incremento cercano al 4% anual en las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad, similar en varones y en mujeres. Queda por evaluar si la tendencia creciente encontrada se mantiene en el futuro o si se estabiliza en las cifras de los últimos años. [EN] Introduction. Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomic dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuromuscular, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Aim. To analyze the mortality trend for HD from 1981-2004 in Spain.Patients and methods. Both crude and specific rates adjusted to the European population were used to show the evolution of mortality. Rates are showed by age and gender per million of inhabitants. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze mortality trends. Results. 866 deaths under HD codes were recorded in Spain during the study period (452 males and 414 females). Adjusted rates ranged from 0.64 in 1981 to 1.65 in 2004 in males and from 0.40 in 1981 to 1.16 in 2004 in females. The trend of the mortality rates in both genders followed a slight and steady increase during the whole period and dramatic changes were not detected. The average yearly percentage of this increase was 3.76% in males and 3.67% in females. Conclusions. The study has showed a yearly age adjusted mortality rates increase close to 4%. No differences have been seen between males and females. The follow up of this trend should be monitored to test if it stabilizes or it rises.Estudio financiado por el Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-ISCIII a través del programa RETICS. REpIER, Expte. G03/123.S

Supplementary Material for: Validity of Discharge Diagnoses in the Surveillance of Stroke

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Hospital administrative data have been suggested as a valuable cost-effective tool for providing information about the stroke burden. Nevertheless, the choice of the diagnosis codes has been a critical issue in the development of case ascertainment algorithms. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, the Minimum Basic Data Set administrative database was used to analyze the accuracy of different ICD-9-CM algorithms based on the neurologist's clinical judgement as the ‘gold standard'. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The most accurate algorithm observed in our study involved the selection of ICD-9-CM codes 430-438 in the primary diagnosis. It yielded a sensitivity of 96.1%, a specificity of 87.5% and a positive predictive value of 82.5%. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The Minimum Basic Data Set is a valuable source to evaluate stroke frequency when using an accurate algorithm to select events

Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (LARC) Treated with Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is one of the standards of care in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This retrospective study examines clinical, analytical, and pathological parameters collected from 77 patients with locally advanced (cT3-4 or cN+) rectal carcinoma diagnosed between 2007 and 2017 at our institution that were treated with preoperative CRT and surgery. In the prognosis analysis, lower hemoglobin levels (p = 0.008), lower lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) (p = 0.011), and higher platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p = 0.029) in the second determination (Hb2, LMR2 and PLR2) were associated with the relapse group. The number of positive nodes after surgery (N+) showed a statistically significant association with relapse (p = 0.012). KRAS mutations were associated with a worse prognosis for 5 years progression-free and overall survival (p = 0.005 and 0.022; respectively). We propose a prognostic model based on four parameters (number of positive lymph nodes after surgery, hemoglobin levels, LMR, and PLR after neoadjuvant therapy) that can be a useful tool to estimate relapse risk. Moreover, bilirubin could be a useful parameter to predict the response to neoadjuvant CRT

Battle of Thermopylae: 300 Spartans (natural killer cells plus obinutuzumab) versus the immortal warriors (chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells) of Xerxes’ army

Aim: To analyze the effects of subcutaneous or intravenous rituximab + lymphokine-activated killer cells, obinutuzumab or ibrutinib on natural killer (NK) cell levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma patients. Patients & methods: The distribution of peripheral blood NK cells of 31 patients was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We detected a decrease of NK cells in peripheral blood below normal range after obinutuzumab treatment. During maintenance treatment with subcutaneous rituximab, an NK cell reduction was less pronounced than after intravenous rituximab treatment, despite lymphokineactivated killer cell infusions. Conclusion: After one dose of obinutuzumab, each NK cell in peripheral blood destroys 25 leukemic cells. Lay abstract: The standard treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma is chemotherapy in combination with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, resulting in the destruction of the immune system, or a ‘Kamikaze effect’. Unfortunately, immunotherapy with rituximab or obinutuzumab may be of limited efficacy when the immunological system is overwhelmed by abundant tumor cells or is diminished by chemotherapy, which eliminates effector immune cells such as natural killer cells before they would be able to kill the whole tumor. Hence, it is important to measure the number of immune cells to ensure that during the encounter of effector cells with tumor cells, sufficient ‘warriors’ can win the battle against the tumor. Otherwise, something akin to the Battle of Thermopylae can happen where a limited number of Spartan warriors faced a huge army and were defeated in the end

Battle of Thermopylae: 300 Spartans (natural killer cells plus obinutuzumab) versus the immortal warriors (chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells) of Xerxes’ army

Aim: To analyze the effects of subcutaneous or intravenous rituximab + lymphokine-activated killer cells, obinutuzumab or ibrutinib on natural killer (NK) cell levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma patients. Patients & methods: The distribution of peripheral blood NK cells of 31 patients was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We detected a decrease of NK cells in peripheral blood below normal range after obinutuzumab treatment. During maintenance treatment with subcutaneous rituximab, an NK cell reduction was less pronounced than after intravenous rituximab treatment, despite lymphokineactivated killer cell infusions. Conclusion: After one dose of obinutuzumab, each NK cell in peripheral blood destroys 25 leukemic cells. Lay abstract: The standard treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma is chemotherapy in combination with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, resulting in the destruction of the immune system, or a ‘Kamikaze effect’. Unfortunately, immunotherapy with rituximab or obinutuzumab may be of limited efficacy when the immunological system is overwhelmed by abundant tumor cells or is diminished by chemotherapy, which eliminates effector immune cells such as natural killer cells before they would be able to kill the whole tumor. Hence, it is important to measure the number of immune cells to ensure that during the encounter of effector cells with tumor cells, sufficient ‘warriors’ can win the battle against the tumor. Otherwise, something akin to the Battle of Thermopylae can happen where a limited number of Spartan warriors faced a huge army and were defeated in the end