Habeas Corpus and the Penalty of Death

Adolescence is associated with high impulsivity and risk taking, making adolescent individuals more inclined to use drugs. Early drug use is correlated to increased risk for substance use disorders later in life but the neurobiological basis is unclear. The brain undergoes extensive development during adolescence and disturbances at this time are hypothesized to contribute to increased vulnerability. The transition from controlled to compulsive drug use and addiction involve long-lasting changes in neural networks including a shift from the nucleus accumbens, mediating acute reinforcing effects, to recruitment of the dorsal striatum and habit formation. This study aimed to test the hypothesis of increased dopamine release after a pharmacological challenge in adolescent rats. Potassium-evoked dopamine release and uptake was investigated using chronoamperometric dopamine recordings in combination with a challenge by amphetamine in early and late adolescent rats and in adult rats. In addition, the consequences of voluntary alcohol intake during adolescence on these effects were investigated. The data show a gradual increase of evoked dopamine release with age, supporting previous studies suggesting that the pool of releasable dopamine increases with age. In contrast, a gradual decrease in evoked release with age was seen in response to amphetamine, supporting a proportionally larger storage pool of dopamine in younger animals. Dopamine measures after voluntary alcohol intake resulted in lower release amplitudes in response to potassium-chloride, indicating that alcohol affects the releasable pool of dopamine and this may have implications for vulnerability to addiction and other psychiatric diagnoses involving dopamine in the dorsal striatum

Measuring Health Care Costs of Individuals with Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance in the U.S.: A Comparison of Survey and Claims Data

As the core nationally representative health expenditure survey in the United States, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is increasingly being used by statistical agencies to track expenditures by disease. However, while MEPS provides a wealth of data, its small sample size precludes examination of spending on all but the most prevalent health conditions. To overcome this issue, statistical agencies have turned to other public data sources, such as Medicare and Medicaid claims data, when available. No comparable publicly available data exist for those with employer-sponsored insurance. While large proprietary claims databases may be an option, the relative accuracy of their spending estimates is not known. This study compared MEPS and MarketScan estimates of annual per person health care spending on individuals with employer-sponsored insurance coverage. Both total spending and the distribution of annual per person spending differed across the two data sources, with MEPS estimates 10 percent lower on average than estimates from MarketScan. These differences appeared to be a function of both underrepresentation of high expenditure cases and underestimation across the remaining distribution of spending.

Reliability of reservoir operation under hydrologic uncertainty

Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine typical stochastic programming (SP) modeling issues for a hypothetical single reservoir system. The elements considered include the partitions of inflow and storage states, the hydrologic characteristics of inflows, the types of system performance functions, and the tradeoffs between conflicting objectives. Simulation studies were conducted to verify the modeling outcomes and to provide insights for possible improvements of the system performance. Results from these analyses show that (1) both the numbers and the discrete increment values of the inflow and storage states affect an SP model's accuracy; (2) the uncertainty associated with the coefficients of variation of the inflows consistently has a greater impact on the system performance than the influence of the serial correlations; (3) in a sample study with flood control being the only objective, the use of either a convex function or a concave function alone for flood damages will not lead to an optimal operation policy which always prevents excessive flood release when there exists some unused storage space in the reservoir; (4) the preferences between the conflicting objectives have been shown to affect both the expected system performance and the individual operation decisions; and (5) modification of the discrete optimal solution, using a simple interpolation scheme, may improve the reservoir performance without resorting to a more complex model. A case study of Lake Shelbyville, Illinois was conducted based on the findings of sensitivity analyses for the hypothetical reservoir system using SP. An -- ad hoc approach was used to estimate accurately the agricultural and property damages in the optimization procedure. The optimal pool levels of Lake Shelbyville in the summer months were found to be roughly 2 to 5 ft lower than the current target level which is 599.7 ft. When the summer pool was forced to reach this target level using a penalty function approach in the SP model, the annual expected damages would increase by 9%. Generally, it would take more than one month for Lake Shelbyville to resume the summer pool from the winter drawdown level. Therefore, a transition period longer than one month between the winter drawdown and the summer recovery of lake levels is recommended for consideration if future modification is made in the rule curve.U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the InteriorOpe

Rolling Back Transparency in China\u27s Courts

Despite a burgeoning conversation about the centrality of information management to governments, scholars are only just beginning to address the role of legal information in sustaining authoritarian rule. This Essay presents a case study showing how legal information can be manipulated: through the deletion of previously published cases from China’s online public database of court decisions. Using our own dataset of all 42 million cases made public in China between January 1, 2014, and September 2, 2018, we examine the recent deletion of criminal cases from the China Judgements Online website. We find that the deletion of cases likely results from a range of overlapping, often ad hoc, concerns: the international and domestic images of Chinese courts, institutional relationships within the Chinese Party-State, worries about revealing negative social phenomena, and concerns about copycat crimes. Taken together, the decision(s) to remove hundreds of thousands of unconnected cases shape a narrative about the Chinese courts, Chinese society, and the Chinese Party-State. Our findings also provide insight into the interrelated mechanisms of censorship and transparency in an era in which data governance is increasingly central. We highlight how courts seek to curate a narrative that protects the courts from criticism and boosts their standing with the public and within the Party-State. Examining how Chinese courts manage the removal of cases suggests that how courts curate and manage information disclosure may also be central to their legitimacy and influence

Mass Digitization of Chinese Court Decisions: How to Use Text as Data in the Field of Chinese Law

Over the past five years, Chinese courts have placed tens of millions of court judgments online. We analyze the promise and pitfalls of using this remarkable new data source through the construction and examination of a dataset of 1,058,990 documents from Henan province. Courts posted judgments in roughly half of all cases in 2014 and, although the percent of cases posted online has likely risen since then, the single greatest challenge facing researchers remains documenting gaps in the data. We find that missing data varies widely by court, and that intermediate courts disclose significantly more documents than basic level courts. But court level, GDP per capita, population, and mediation rates are insufficient fully to explain variation in disclosure rates. Further work is needed to better understand how resources and incentives might be skewing the data. Despite incomplete information, however, a topic model of 20,321 administrative court judgments demonstrates how mass digitization of court decisions opens a new window into the practice of everyday law in China. Unsupervised machine learning combined with close reading of selected cases reveals surprising trends in administrative disputes as well as important research questions. Taken together, our findings suggest a need for humility and methodological pluralism among scholars seeking to use large-scale data from Chinese courts. The vast amount of incomplete data now available may frustrate attempts to find quick answers to existing questions, but the data excel at opening new pathways for research and at adding nuance to existing assumptions about the role of courts in Chinese society

Liability Beyond Law: Conceptions of Fairness in Chinese Tort Cases

Empirical work consistently finds that Chinese courts resolve civil cases by finding a compromise solution. But beyond this split-it-down-the-middle tendency, when and how do Chinese courts arrive at decisions that feel “fair and just” in cases in which they invoke those ideas? Drawing on a data set of 9,485 tort cases, we find that Chinese courts impose liability on two types of parties with ethical, but not legal, obligation to victims: (1) participants in a shared activity and (2) those who control a physical space. In these cases, Chinese courts stretch the law to spread losses through communities and to acknowledge traumatic harm. Considering fairness, then, returns Chinese courts to their longstanding role as managers of communities who respond to misfortune by assigning legal responsibility to relationships that range from intimate to surprisingly tenuous

On Constructing a Knowledge Base of Chinese Criminal Cases

We are developing a knowledge base over Chinese judicial decision documents to facilitate landscape analyses of Chinese Criminal Cases. We view judicial decision documents as a mixed-granularity semi-structured text where different levels of the text carry different semantic constructs and entailments. We use a combination of context-sensitive grammar, dependency parsing and discourse analysis to extract a formal and interpretable representation of these documents. Our knowledge base is developed by constructing associations between different elements of these documents. The interpretability is contributed in part by our formal representation of the Chinese criminal laws, also as semi-structured documents. The landscape analyses utilize these two representations and enable a law researcher to ask legal pattern analysis queries.Comment: submitted to JURIX 201

Comparison of Cellulosic Ethanol Yields from Midwestern Maize and Reconstructed Tallgrass Prairie Systems Managed for Bioenergy

Maize- and prairie-based systems were investigated as cellulosic feedstocks by conducting a 9 ha side-by-side comparison on fertile soils in the Midwestern United States. Maize was grown continuously with adequate fertilization over years both with and without a winter rye cover crop, and the 31-species reconstructed prairie was grown with and without spring nitrogen fertilization. Both maize stover and prairie biomass were harvested in the fall. We compared amounts of cellulosic biomass produced and harvested, carbohydrate contents as measured by both dietary and detergent methods, and estimated cellulosic ethanol yields per hectare. From 2009–2013, the cropping system with the largest non-grain biomass yield was fertilized prairie, averaging 10.4 Mg ha−1 year−1 aboveground biomass with average harvest removals of 7.8 Mg ha−1 year−1. The unfertilized prairie produced 7.4 Mg ha−1 year−1 aboveground biomass, with average harvests of 5.3 Mg ha−1 year−1. Lowest cellulosic (non-grain) biomass harvests were obtained from continuous maize systems, averaging 3.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 when grown with, and 3.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 when grown without a winter rye cover crop, respectively. Unfertilized prairie biomass and maize stover had equivalent dietary-determined potential biomass ethanol yields at 330 g ethanol kg−1 dry biomass, but fertilized prairie was lower at 315. The detergent method did not accurately capture these differences. Over the five-year period of the experiment, unfertilized and fertilized prairie systems averaged 810 and 1,790 L potential cellulosic ethanol ha−1 year−1 more than the maize systems, respectively. Differences in harvested biomass accounted for \u3e90 % of ethanol yield variation

Flood plain management through allocation of land uses–a dynamic programming model

Despite heroic structural measures, flood damages continue to rise. This research develops a means for identifying more nearly optimal patterns of land use with particular reference to timing, depth, and duration of flooding. The major premise is that flood plain management is best viewed as a problem of allocating land uses to land parcels. A dynamic programming model is developed to determine what combination of downstream uses, which require flood protection, and upstream uses, which may increase runoff or provide protection through longer water retention, should be encouraged. The dynamic programming model and an associated simplified routing technique are demonstrated on a real watershed. Desirable extensions of the model are identified. One major result of the project is the realization of a need to classify watersheds by the degree of effective interdependence among land use decisions so as to determine the most appropriate types of analytical model s and public sector interventions for particular cases. Thinking about flood management as a problem of land use allocation is shown to be a fruitful conceptualization for exploring the issues, for developing models, and for identifying appropriate public sector interventions.U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the InteriorOpe