State Based Determinants of Inward FDI Flow in the US Economy

Inward foreign direct investment (FDI) represents an integral part of the US economy. The flow of international capital has been a key factor expanding economy. The inward US FDI constitutes important factor contributing to output growth in the US economy. This paper investigates factors affecting the inward FDI flow among fifty states of the United States. The analysis uses annual data for the period from 1997 to 2007. The study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI and investigates the changes in their importance during the study period. Our results show that among the major determinants, the real per capita income, real per capita expenditure on education, FDI related employment, research and development expenditure, and capital expenditure are found to have a significant positive impact on FDI inflows. There is also evidence that the share of scientists and engineers in the workforce exerts a small positive impact on inward FDI flow. In addition, per capita state taxes, unit labor cost, manufacturing density, unionization, and unemployment rate exert a negative impact on FDI inflows

Factors affecting inward foreign direct investment flows into the United States : evidence from state-level data

This paper investigates factors affecting the inward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows among fifty states of the United States. The analysis uses annual data for the period from 1997 to 2007. The study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI and investigates the changes in their importance during the study period. Our results show that among the major determinants, the real per capita income, real per capita expenditure on education, FDI related employment, real research and development expenditure, and capital expenditure are found to have a significant positive impact on FDI inflows. There is also evidence that the share of scientists and engineers in the workforce exerts a small positive impact on inward FDI flows. In addition, per capita state taxes, unit labor cost, manufacturing density, unionization, and unemployment rate exert a negative impact on FDI inflows.peer-reviewe

Non-thermal emission from star-forming galaxies detected in gamma rays

Star-forming galaxies (SFGs) emit non-thermal radiation from radio to gamma-rays. We aim to investigate the main mechanisms of global CR transport and cooling in SFGs. The way they contribute in shaping the relations between non-thermal luminosities and SFR could shed light onto their nature. We develop a model to compute the CR populations of SFGs, taking into account their production, transport, and cooling. The model is parameterised only through global galaxy properties, and describes the non-thermal emission in both radio and gamma-rays. We focus on the role of diffusive and advective transport by galactic winds, either driven by turbulent or thermal instabilities. We compare model predictions to observations, for which we compile a homogeneous set of luminosities in these radio bands, and update those available in gamma-rays. Our model reproduces reasonably well the observed relations between the gamma-ray or 1.4 GHz radio luminosities and the SFR, assuming a single power-law scaling of the magnetic field with the latter with index beta=0.3, and winds blowing either at Alfvenic speeds or typical starburst wind velocities. Escape of CR is negligible for > 30 Mo/yr. A constant ionisation fraction of the interstellar medium fails to reproduce the 150 MHz radio luminosity throughout the whole SFR range. Our results reinforce the idea that galaxies with high SFR are CR calorimeters, and that the main mechanism driving proton escape is diffusion, whereas electron escape also proceeds via wind advection. They also suggest that these winds should be CR or thermally-driven at low and intermediate SFR, respectively. Our results globally support that magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is responsible for the dependence of the magnetic field strength on the SFR and that the ionisation fraction is strongly disfavoured to be constant throughout the whole SFR range.Comment: Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics (on 12/05/2021

Modulation of Neuronal Signal Transduction Systems by Extracellular ATP

The secretion of ATP by stimulated nerves is well documented. Following repetitive stimulation, extracellular ATP at the synapse can accumulate to levels estimated to be well over 100 Μ M. The present study examined the effects of extracellular ATP in the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 m M on second-messenger-generating systems in cultured neural cells of the clones NG108-15 and NIE-115. Cells in a medium mimicking the physiological extracellular environment were used to measure 45 Ca 2+ uptake, changes in free intracellular Ca 2+ levels by the probes aequorin and Quin-2, de novo generation of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP from intracellular GTP and ATP pools prelabeled with [ 3 H]guanosine and [ 3 H]adenine, respectively, and phosphoinositide metabolism in cells preloaded with [ 3 H]inositol and assayed in the presence of LiCI. Extracelluar ATP induced a concentration-dependent increase of 45 Ca 2+ uptake by intact cells, which was additive with the uptake induced by K + depolarization. The increased uptake involved elevation of intracellular free Ca 2+ ions, evidenced by measuring aequorin and Quin-2 signals. At the same concentration range (0.1–1.0 m M ), extracellular ATP induced an increase in [ 3 H]cyclic GMP formation, and a decrease in prostaglandin E 1 -stimulated [ 3 H]cyclic AMP generation. In addition, extracellular ATP (1 m M ) caused a large (15-fold) increase in [ 3 H]inositol phosphates accumulation, and this effect was blocked by including La 3+ ions in the assay medium. In parallel experiments, we found in NG 108–15 cells surface protein phosphorylation activity that had an apparent K m for extracellular ATP at the same concentration required to produce half-maximal effects on Ca 2+ uptake. Extracellular ATP at concentrations that can be produced in the synaptic cleft by repetitive stimulation but not during routine transmission can thus initiate a unique chain of events, which may play a role in the induction of long-term adaptive changes in neuronal function.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65952/1/j.1471-4159.1988.tb13263.x.pd

A multi-wavelength view of the cosmic ray confinement in star-forming galaxies

Cosmic rays (CRs) are responsible for a tight correlation between the star formation rate (SFR)and the radio/W-ray luminosity observed in star-forming galaxies (SFGs). This correlation canbe explained by a linear scaling between the SFR and the number of CR acceleration sites, suchas supernova remnants, coupled to the dependence of particle escape with galaxy properties.Observations in radio and W-rays are important tools to probe CR activity, but they may not besufficient to fully characterise the confinement properties of galaxies. For instance, CR calorimetryis one of the most intriguing unanswered aspects in star-forming regions that could result not onlyin emission through the neutrino channel but possibly also in the hard X-ray and MeV energybands. We perform a multi-wavelength investigation of the CR population and the effective fieldsaffecting their transport within SFGs with different levels of activity. In particular, we focus on thepossibility of testing proton confinement in the X-ray and MeV bands. With this goal, we developa model describing the CR transport in SFGs for a broad range of SFRs. Hadronic byproducts, pairproduction and leptonic emission are computed self-consistently in a multi-wavelength contextranging from radio up to X-rays and W-rays. We conclude that a panchromatic view of the SFR?luminosity correlations in SFGs is key to place strong constraints on the physical processes thatgovern the non-thermal physics of these sources.Fil: Kornecki, Paula. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Peretti, E.. Universidad de Copenhagen; DinamarcaFil: del Palacio, Santiago. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Benaglia, Paula. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Pellizza González, Leonardo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; Argentina37th International Cosmic Ray ConferenceBerlinAlemaniaInternational Union of Pure and Applied Physic

Green and animal manure use in organic field crop systems

Dual-use cover/green manure (CGM) crops and animal manure are used to supply nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to organically grown field crops. A comprehensive review of previous research was conducted to identify how CGM crops and animal manure have been used to meet N and P needs of organic field crops, and to identify knowledge gaps to direct future research efforts. Results indicate that: (a) CGM crops are used to provide N to subsequent cash crops in rotations; (b) CGM-supplied N generally can meet field crop needs in warm, humid regions but is insufficient for organic grain crops grown in cool and sub-humid regions; (c) adoption of conservation tillage practices can create or exacerbate N deficiencies; (d) excess N and P can result where animal manures are accessible if application rates are not carefully managed; and (e) integrating animal grazing into organic field crop systems has potential benefits but is generally not practiced. Work is needed to better understand the mechanisms governing the release of N by CGM crops to subsequent cash crops, and the legacy effects of animal manure applications in cool and sub-humid regions. The benefits and synergies that can occur by combining targeted animal grazing and CGMs on soil N, P, and other nutrients should be investigated. Improved communication and networking among researchers can aid efforts to solve soil fertility challenges faced by organic farmers when growing field crops in North America and elsewhere

Rh-POP Pincer Xantphos Complexes for C-S and C-H Activation. Implications for Carbothiolation Catalysis

The neutral Rh­(I)–Xantphos complex [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­Cl]_<i>n</i>, <b>4</b>, and cationic Rh­(III) [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(H)₂]­[BAr^F₄], <b>2a</b>, and [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos-3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂)­(H)₂]­[BAr^F₄], <b>2b</b>, are described [Ar^F = 3,5-(CF₃)₂C₆H₃; Xantphos = 4,5-bis­(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene; Xantphos-3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂ = 9,9-dimethylxanthene-4,5-bis­(bis­(3,5-bis­(trifluoromethyl)­phenyl)­phosphine]. A solid-state structure of <b>2b</b> isolated from C₆H₅Cl solution shows a κ¹-chlorobenzene adduct, [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos-3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂)­(H)₂(κ¹-ClC₆H₅)]­[BAr^F₄], <b>3</b>. Addition of H₂ to <b>4</b> affords, crystallographically characterized, [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(H)₂Cl], <b>5</b>. Addition of diphenyl acetylene to <b>2a</b> results in the formation of the C–H activated metallacyclopentadiene [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(ClCH₂Cl)­(σ,σ-(C₆H₄)­C­(H)CPh)]­[BAr^F₄], <b>7</b>, a rare example of a crystallographically characterized Rh–dichloromethane complex, alongside the Rh­(I) complex <i>mer</i>-[Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(η²-PhCCPh)]­[BAr^F₄], <b>6</b>. Halide abstraction from [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­Cl]_<i>n</i> in the presence of diphenylacetylene affords <b>6</b> as the only product, which in the solid state shows that the alkyne binds perpendicular to the κ³-POP Xantphos ligand plane. This complex acts as a latent source of the [Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)]⁺ fragment and facilitates <i>ortho</i>-directed C–S activation in a number of 2-arylsulfides to give <i>mer</i>-[Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(σ,κ¹-Ar)­(SMe)]­[BAr^F₄] (Ar = C₆H₄COMe, <b>8</b>; C₆H₄(CO)­OMe, <b>9</b>; C₆H₄NO₂, <b>10</b>; C₆H₄CNCH₂CH₂O, <b>11</b>; C₆H₄C₅H₄N, <b>12</b>). Similar C–S bond cleavage is observed with allyl sulfide, to give <i>fac</i>-[Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(η³-C₃H₅)­(SPh)]­[BAr^F₄], <b>13</b>. These products of C–S activation have been crystallographically characterized. For <b>8</b> in situ monitoring of the reaction by NMR spectroscopy reveals the initial formation of <i>fac</i>-κ³-<b>8</b>, which then proceeds to isomerize to the <i>mer</i>-isomer. With the <i>para</i>-ketone aryl sulfide, 4-SMeC ₆H₄COMe, C–H activation <i>ortho</i> to the ketone occurs to give <i>mer</i>-[Rh­(κ³-_P,O,P-Xantphos)­(σ,κ¹-4-(COMe)­C₆H₃SMe)­(H)]­[BAr^F₄], <b>14</b>. The temporal evolution of carbothiolation catalysis using <i>mer</i>-κ³-<b>8</b>, and phenyl acetylene and 2-(methylthio)­acetophenone substrates shows initial fast catalysis and then a considerably slower evolution of the product. We suggest that the initially formed <i>fac</i>-isomer of the C–S activation product is considerably more active than the <i>mer</i>-isomer (i.e., <i>mer</i>-<b>8</b>), the latter of which is formed rapidly by isomerization, and this accounts for the observed difference in rates. A likely mechanism is proposed based upon these data

Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to TeV photon emission from the Large Magellanic Cloud

A deep survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud at ∼0.1-100 TeV photon energies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array is planned. We assess the detection prospects based on a model for the emission of the galaxy, comprising the four known TeV emitters, mock populations of sources, and interstellar emission on galactic scales. We also assess the detectability of 30 Doradus and SN 1987A, and the constraints that can be derived on the nature of dark matter. The survey will allow for fine spectral studies of N 157B, N 132D, LMC P3, and 30 Doradus C, and half a dozen other sources should be revealed, mainly pulsar-powered objects. The remnant from SN 1987A could be detected if it produces cosmic-ray nuclei with a flat power-law spectrum at high energies, or with a steeper index 2.3-2.4 pending a flux increase by a factor of &gt;3-4 over ∼2015-2035. Large-scale interstellar emission remains mostly out of reach of the survey if its &gt;10 GeV spectrum has a soft photon index ∼2.7, but degree-scale 0.1-10 TeV pion-decay emission could be detected if the cosmic-ray spectrum hardens above &gt;100 GeV. The 30 Doradus star-forming region is detectable if acceleration efficiency is on the order of 1−10 per cent of the mechanical luminosity and diffusion is suppressed by two orders of magnitude within &lt;100 pc. Finally, the survey could probe the canonical velocity-averaged cross-section for self-annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles for cuspy Navarro-Frenk-White profiles