Colorization of the Tomato Fruit due to Infestation with Helicoverpa Armigera Larvae

Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) is one of the most serious and highly polyphagous species causing damage in vegetative and reproductive plant stages. The present experiment was performed on a tomato field in Mirtia, Ilia, Greece. The color of the fruits transformed from green to yellow within 7 days post infestation by H. armigera larvae and converted to black within 14 days. This work indicates conversion color linked to infestation from H. armigera larvae and in the degradation rate of tomato fruit Keywords: Helicoverpa armigera, tomato cultivation, coloriztion

Phylogenetic relationships among Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus species

Resumo do poster apresentado no XXVII ESN International Symposium, Rome, 2004.Trichodorid nematodes of the genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus are known natural vectors of Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) to many agronomically important crops. Previous taxonomic studies have reported several trichodorids, including virus-vector species, from Portugal. The trichodorid group is well defined taxonomically but little is known regarding the molecular phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to these two genera. The aim of this study is therefore to determine the phylogenetic relationships among many of the trichodorid species occurring in continental Portugal and six non-indigenous trichodorid species, based on 18S rDNA gene sequences. A comprehensive survey for trichodorids was carried out in Portugal and ten species (five Trichodorus and five Paratrichodorus) were identified using classical taxonomy. Representative specimens from each species were selected for molecular studies. DNA was extracted from individual nematodes, a minimum of two per population, and using appropriate primer sets the 18S rDNA gene was isolated and subsequently sequenced. The 18S rDNA gene from six non-indigenous trichodorid species was also sequenced. A multiple sequence alignment was produced and used as a basis of a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis. With one exception, the resultant phylogenetic tree clearly separated both genera and species into groups that agree with currently accepted taxonomy of the Trichodoridae. However, populations of P. minor appeared more closely associated with Trichodorus species than other Paratrichodorus species

Molecular diagnosis of Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus species

Some trichodorid species are known to vector specific strains of Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) that have a deleterious effect upon several economically important crops, e.g. potato and tobacco. Given the complex relationship that exists between trichodorids and the various TRV strains, it is imperative that a rapid and accurate identification to species level is achieved for the effective use of control measures within a crop husbandry regime. Morphological identification is sometimes subjective and requires well-trained specialists. Furthermore, there is a decline in the taxonomic skill-base of a number of invertebrate groups, including nematodes, within Europe. The present study reports the application of a PCR-RFLP method that explores the variability of the 18S rDNA gene to robustly discriminate trichodorid species belonging to Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. A PCR product, 614 bp in length, located at the 3’ end of the 18S rDNA gene was digested with seven restriction enzymes that generated patterns that were both consistent among populations of the same species and yet discriminated trichodorids at the species level. The proposed protocol was tested with eleven trichodorid species from Portugal and six non-indigenous trichodorid species and proved to be effective

Структура вірусних діарей у дітей на Сумщині

Гострі кишкові інфекції (ГКІ) стійко посідають одне з провідних місць серед усіх інфекційних захворювань, характеризуються широкою поширеністю, високою частотою розвитку тяжких форм і ускладнень. Прогрес у галузі лабораторних методів діагностики дозволив істотно розширити уявлення про етіологічні чинники хвороби: у країнах, що розвиваються, домінують діарейні інфекції бактерійної етіології, а в економічно розвинених країнах - вірусної. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3228

Occurrence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria on balm and in a mixed population with M. javanica on grapevine in Greece

Summary The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria was found in Greece infecting balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). The isolate from balm was M. arenaria while the one from grapevine was a mixture of M. arenaria and M. javanica (prevalent species). This is the first report of the M. arenaria species in the country in which identification was based on biochemical methods and its occurrence on balm is a new host record

Mortality of Four Stored Product Pests in Stored Wheat When Exposed to Doses of Three Entomopathogenic Nematodes

The insecticidal effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (larvae), lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) (adults), rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (adults), and confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (adults and larvae) was examined under laboratory conditions in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. The nematodes were applied at the following doses: 0 (control), 100, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 infective juveniles (IJs) per ml, corresponding to 10, 50, 100, 150, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IJs per insect, and their infectivity was tested at 20 and 30 degrees C after 4 and 8 d of exposure. For E. kuehniella larvae wheat treatments with S. feltiae provided mortality that ranged from 36.7 to 78.3% whereas no mortality was noted in the treatment with S. carpocapsae at 100 IJs per ml at 20 or at 30 degrees C. Also, at 20 degrees C, in wheat treated with H. bacteriophora at 100 IJs per ml, very few larvae were dead. For R. dominica adults, at 20 degrees C, the mortality of adults in wheat treated with S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae did not exceed 23.3 and 41.7%, respectively, at 20,000 IJs per ml, with no significant differences among doses. In the case of S. oryzae adults, the mortality was very low at all doses, and temperatures and did not exceed 9%. Mortality of T. confusum adults did not exceed 17% regardless of the entomopathogenic nematode species tested. In contrast, mortality of T. confusum larvae was notably higher and exceeded 56% in wheat treated with 10,000 or 20,000 IJs per ml of S. feltiae at 20 degrees C. Unlike S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae, the application of H. bacteriophora resulted in lower mortality levels. Generally, the increase of temperature reduced the mortality levels of the T. confusum larvae. In most cases, the efficacy level of the tested entomopathogenic nematode species increased with the dose and decreased with the increase of temperature