254 research outputs found
Single-particle motional oscillator powered by laser
An ion, atom, molecule or macro-particle in a trap can exhibit large motional
oscillations due to the Doppler-affected radiation pressure by a laser,
blue-detuned from an absorption line of a particle. This oscillator can be
nearly thresholdless, but under certain conditions it may exhibit huge
hysteretic excitation. Feasible applications include a "Foucault pendulum" in a
trap, a rotation sensor, single atom spectroscopy, isotope separation, etc.Comment: 9 pages, 1 fig; v2: the latest revision for Optics Expres
Evanescent light-matter Interactions in Atomic Cladding Wave Guides
Alkali vapors, and in particular rubidium, are being used extensively in
several important fields of research such as slow and stored light non-linear
optics3 and quantum computation. Additionally, the technology of alkali vapors
plays a major role in realizing myriad industrial applications including for
example atomic clocks magentometers8 and optical frequency stabilization.
Lately, there is a growing effort towards miniaturizing traditional
centimeter-size alkali vapor cells. Owing to the significant reduction in
device dimensions, light matter interactions are greatly enhanced, enabling new
functionalities due to the low power threshold needed for non-linear
interactions. Here, taking advantage of the mature Complimentary
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) compatible platform of silicon photonics, we
construct an efficient and flexible platform for tailored light vapor
interactions on a chip. Specifically, we demonstrate light matter interactions
in an atomic cladding wave guide (ACWG), consisting of CMOS compatible silicon
nitride nano wave-guide core with a Rubidium (Rb) vapor cladding. We observe
the highly efficient interaction of the electromagnetic guided mode with the
thermal Rb cladding. The nature of such interactions is explained by a model
which predicts the transmission spectrum of the system taking into account
Doppler and transit time broadening. We show, that due to the high confinement
of the optical mode (with a mode area of 0.3{\lambda}2), the Rb absorption
saturates at powers in the nW regime.Comment: 10 Pages 4 Figures. 1 Supplementar
CD163 versus CD68 in tumor associated macrophages of classical hodgkin lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with a relatively good prognosis. A small but significant percentage of patients, however, will respond poorly to therapy. A recent gene expression profiling study has identified a macrophage signature which has been correlated with primary treatment failure, and immunohistochemical tissue microarray for CD68 was shown to reflect the gene signature as a potentially clinically useful marker to predict adverse prognosis
Mosaic DNA imports with interspersions of recipient sequence after natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of half of the human population, causing gastritis, ulcers, and cancer. H. pylori
is naturally competent for transformation by exogenous DNA, and recombination during mixed infections of one stomach
with multiple H. pylori strains generates extensive allelic diversity. We developed an in vitro transformation protocol to study
genomic imports after natural transformation of H. pylori. The mean length of imported fragments was dependent on the
combination of donor and recipient strain and varied between 1294 bp and 3853 bp. In about 10% of recombinant clones, the
imported fragments of donor DNA were interrupted by short interspersed sequences of the recipient (ISR) with a mean length
of 82 bp. 18 candidate genes were inactivated in order to identify genes involved in the control of import length and
generation of ISR. Inactivation of the antimutator glycosylase MutY increased the length of imports, but did not have a
significant effect on ISR frequency. Overexpression of mutY strongly increased the frequency of ISR, indicating that MutY, while
not indispensable for ISR formation, is part of at least one ISR-generating pathway. The formation of ISR in H. pylori increases
allelic diversity, and contributes to the uniquely low linkage disequilibrium characteristic of this pathogen
Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography Using a 1-1 Ring Field Optical-System
An iridium-coated Offner 1:1 ring field camera has been used to carry out projection lithography using 42 nm light from an undulator in the vacuum ultra violet storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Near-diffraction-limited resolution has been obtained showing features as small as 0.2-mu-m within a 2 mm x 0.25 mm image field. Images of both transmission and reflection masks have been obtained. The impact of source coherence on imagery has been investigated. Hydrocarbon contamination problems experienced in this photon energy range have been investigated and possible solutions are suggested
Compensatory Evolution of pbp Mutations Restores the Fitness Cost Imposed by β-Lactam Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria is a major challenge to treating many infectious diseases. The spread of these genes is driven by the strong selection imposed by the use of antibacterial drugs. However, in the absence of drug selection, antibiotic resistance genes impose a fitness cost, which can be ameliorated by compensatory mutations. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, β-lactam resistance is caused by mutations in three penicillin-binding proteins, PBP1a, PBP2x, and PBP2b, all of which are implicated in cell wall synthesis and the cell division cycle. We found that the fitness cost and cell division defects conferred by pbp2b mutations (as determined by fitness competitive assays in vitro and in vivo and fluorescence microscopy) were fully compensated by the acquisition of pbp2x and pbp1a mutations, apparently by means of an increased stability and a consequent mislocalization of these protein mutants. Thus, these compensatory combinations of pbp mutant alleles resulted in an increase in the level and spectrum of β-lactam resistance. This report describes a direct correlation between antibiotic resistance increase and fitness cost compensation, both caused by the same gene mutations acquired by horizontal transfer. The clinical origin of the pbp mutations suggests that this intergenic compensatory process is involved in the persistence of β-lactam resistance among circulating strains. We propose that this compensatory mechanism is relevant for β-lactam resistance evolution in Streptococcus pneumoniae
At-wavelength characterization of the extreme ultraviolet Engineering Test Stand Set-2 optic
At-wavelength interferometric characterization of a new 4x-reduction lithographic-quality extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optical system is described. This state-of-the-art projection optic was fabricated for installation in the EUV lithography Engineering Test Stand (ETS) and is referred to as the ETS Set-2 optic. EUV characterization of the Set-2 optic is performed using the EUV phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) installed on an undulator beamline at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Advanced Light Source. This is the same interferometer previously used for the at-wavelength characterization and alignment of the ETS Set-1 optic. In addition to the PS/PDI-based full-field wavefront characterization, we also present wavefront measurements performed with lateral shearing interferometry, the chromatic dependence of the wavefront error, and the system-level pupil-dependent spectral-bandpass characteristics of the optic; the latter two properties are only measurable using at-wavelength interferometry
Mirror, mirror on the wall: which microbiomes will help heal them all?
BACKGROUND: Clinicians have known for centuries that there is substantial variability between patients in their response to medications—some individuals exhibit a miraculous recovery while others fail to respond at all. Still others experience dangerous side effects. The hunt for the factors responsible for this variation has been aided by the ability to sequence the human genome, but this just provides part of the picture. Here, we discuss the emerging field of study focused on the human microbiome and how it may help to better predict drug response and improve the treatment of human disease. DISCUSSION: Various clinical disciplines characterize drug response using either continuous or categorical descriptors that are then correlated to environmental and genetic risk factors. However, these approaches typically ignore the microbiome, which can directly metabolize drugs into downstream metabolites with altered activity, clearance, and/or toxicity. Variations in the ability of each individual’s microbiome to metabolize drugs may be an underappreciated source of differences in clinical response. Complementary studies in humans and animal models are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms responsible and to test the feasibility of identifying microbiome-based biomarkers of treatment outcomes. SUMMARY: We propose that the predictive power of genetic testing could be improved by taking a more comprehensive view of human genetics that encompasses our human and microbial genomes. Furthermore, unlike the human genome, the microbiome is rapidly altered by diet, pharmaceuticals, and other interventions, providing the potential to improve patient care by re-shaping our associated microbial communities
Effect of random-telegraph laser phase on two-photon absorption
© 1995 The American Physical SocietyMeasurements of two-photon absorption spectra have been made for the case where the exciting laser has a random-telegraph phase. The resulting spectral shapes are compared to theoretical predictions and to previous data taken with a phase-diffusing laser field [Elliott et al., Phys. Rev. A 32, 887 (1985)]. A striking dependence of the absorption spectrum on the second-order coherence of the field was observed. Using the theory for the propagation of second-order spatial coherence, we draw an analogy between diffraction and two-photon absorption which we use to interpret the two-photon absorption spectra.G. N. Sinclair, X. Bao, D. S. Elliott, and M. W. Hamilto
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